link to: https://github.com/microsoft/WSL/releases/tag/2.0.0
Windows 11 24H2
1. Open or create the wsl configuration file (located at %USERPROFILE%\.wslconfig ), and enter the following content:
[experimental]
autoMemoryReclaim=teacher | dropcache | disabled
networkingMode=mirrored
dnsTunneling=true
firewall=true
autoProxy=true2. Open the command prompt and execute wsl --shutdown
link same issue: https://github.com/mmp/pbrt-v4/issues/467
My Env:
- Win11 24H2
- AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core Processor
- Microsoft Visual Studio Community 2022 17.12.3
- VisualStudio.17.Release/17.12.3+35527.113
- Microsoft .NET Framework 4.8.09032
- Visual C++ 2022 00482-90000-00000-AA244
- Microsoft Visual C++ 2022
Log:
1> [CMake] CMake Error: install(EXPORT “Ptex” …) includes target “Ptex_static” which requires target “zlibstatic” that is not in any export set.
1> [CMake] — Generating done (0.2s)
1> [CMake] CMake Generate step failed. Build files cannot be regenerated correctly.
Place the following file to pbrt4 dir and double click to compile.
Then cd ./build/pbrt4deploy -> ./pbrt
Log:
PS G:\pbrt\pbrt-v4\pbrt-v4\build\pbrt4deploy\bin> ./pbrt
pbrt version 4 (built Jan 6 2025 at 21:39:19)
Copyright (c)1998-2021 Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob, and Greg Humphreys.
The source code to pbrt (but not the book contents) is covered by the Apache 2.0 License.
See the file LICENSE.txt for the conditions of the license.
Then maybe you will get the following Warning:
link to: https://www.janwalter.org/rnd/blog/rnd-pbrt-v4-002/
Log:
Found CUDA but PBRT_OPTIX7_PATH is not set. Disabling GPU compilation
Make sure that the SDK Path is correct. (-DPBRT_OPTIX7_PATH)
First check the port of Clash. Here is7890.
In the local PowerShell, enter ipconfig,
Find the vEthernet (WSL (Hyper-V firewall)) at the bottom, and remember the IPv4 address here. Mine is 172.20.0.1 .
Next, in WSL, add the following code to ~/.bashrc:
alias proxy='export all_proxy=http://172.20.0.1:7890' alias unproxy='unset all_proxy'Save, then execute the following code to activate:
source ~/.bashrc
The honorific form of verbs and the masu form of verbs＜V-shaped＞
The U section becomes the I section kana, and then“Masu”.
“ru”Remove and then connect“Masu”.
The part of the verb stem that remains after removing "ます" is the "ます form of the verb", also known as: the first continuous form of the verb.
N(time) に＜time point＞
Emphasizes the specific time when an action or event occurs.
The time point can be a specific moment, date, week, etc.
Indicates an approximate time.
But it cannot express duration,『3Time Goro, use 「くらい/ぐらい」 at this time.
About... About...
Approximate amount, time, degree, or extent.
When the preceding sound is unvoiced, use "くらい", and when the preceding sound is voiced or unvoiced, use "ぐらい".
Become. Turn into.
Describes a change from one state to another.
Noun + に + なる
い adjectives without "い"+ ku + Naru
na adjective + ni + naru
N + になる indicates a change in identity, status or role.
A＋〜なる indicates a change in nature or state.
V ましょう. ／V ましょうか. ＜Persuasion（Vましょう-Ⅰ）＞
Let's...
The "ます" form of the verb (remove "ます"), add "ましょう".
Used to make a suggestion, an invitation, or to express a definite intention, often used to propose doing something together.
It’s best... It should...
···(do) better.
Noun +のほうがいい.
いAdjective: Just add 「ほうがいい」.
na adjective: add 「なほうがいい」.
The past tense of the verb + 「ほうがいい」 means that it is best to do something.
The tense form of the verb + 「ないほうがいい」 means“It's better not to do something”.
Often used to advise the other party to take a certain action, make suggestions or express subjective evaluation.
Hours (Jikan): When it comes to hours, add "かん" after "hour" to indicate the time period, such as "いちじかん".
Minutes (ふん/ぷん）: The pronunciation of "minute" is "ふん" or "ぷん", which varies depending on the number. For example, "いっぷん" (1 minute), "にふん" (2 minutes).
| Hour | pronunciation | minute | pronunciation |
| 1 hour | Ichijikan | 1 minute | Ippon |
| 2 hours | Nijikan | 2 minutes | Nifun |
| 3 hours | Sanjikan | 3 minutes | Sanpan |
| 4 hours | Yojikan | 4 minutes | Yo-P-N |
| 5 hours | Gojikan | 5 minutes | Gofun |
| 6 hours | Rokujikan | 6 minutes | Roppon |
| 7 hours | Shichijikan | 7 minutes | Nanafun |
| 8 hours | Haschijikan | 8 minutes | Happen |
| 9 hours | Kujikan | 9 minutes | Kiyufun |
| 10 hours | Jiyujikan | 10 minutes | Jiyuppin |
| 11 hours | Jiyuuichijikan | 11 minutes | Jiyuuipin |
| 12 hours | Jiyuunijikan | 12 minutes | Jiyuunifun |
| 20 minutes | – | 20 minutes | Nijiyuppin |
| 30 minutes | – | 30 minutes | Sanji Yuppin |
| 40 minutes | – | 40 minutes | Yo-nji-yup-n |
| 50 minutes | – | 50 minutes | Gojiyupon |
Special pronunciation tips:
Date: Indicates the date of a certain day, used to mark specific days. For example, "January 1st" is pronounced as "いちがつついたち".
Number of days：Indicates the number of days that have passed, used to describe the length of time. For example, "1 day" is represented by "いちにち".
| Date | pronunciation | Number of days | pronunciation |
| 1st day (No. 1) | Tsutachi | 1 day | Ichinichi |
| 2nd (No. 2) | Futsuka | 2 days | Futsuka |
| 3rd (No. 3) | Mika | 3 days | Mika |
| 4th (No. 4) | Yoka | 4 days | Yoka |
| 5th (No. 5) | Itsuka | 5 days | Itsuka |
| 6th (No. 6) | Muika | 6 days | Muika |
| 7th (7th) | Nanoka | 7 days | Nanoka |
| 8th (No. 8) | Yoka | 8 days | Yoka |
| 9th (9th) | Kokonoka | 9 days | Kokonoka |
| 10th (No. 10) | Took | 10 days | Took |
| 11th (No. 11) | Jiyuuichi | 11 days | Jiyuuichi |
| 12th (No. 12) | Jiyuuni nichi | 12 days | Jiyuuni nichi |
| 13th | Jiyuusannichi | 13 days | Jiyuusannichi |
| 14th (No. 14) | Jiyuu Yokka | 14 days | Jiyuu Yokka |
| 15th (No. 15) | Jiyuugonichi | 15 days | Jiyuugonichi |
| 16th | Jiyuurokunichi | 16 days | Jiyuurokunichi |
| 17th | Jiyuushichinichi | 17 days | Jiyuushichinichi |
| 18th | Jiyuu is chinichi | 18 days | Jiyuu is chinichi |
| 19th (No. 19) | Jiyuukunichi | 19 days | Jiyuukunichi |
| 20th (No. 20) | Hasuka | 20 days | Hasuka |
| 21st (No. 21) | Nijiyuuichi | 21 days | Nijiyuuichi |
| 22nd (No. 22) | Nijiyuuni nichi | 22 days | Nijiyuuni nichi |
| 23rd (No. 23) | Nijiyuusannichi | 23 days | Nijiyuusannichi |
| 24th | Nijiyuu Yokka | 24 days | Nijiyuu Yokka |
| 25th (No. 25) | Nijiyuugonichi | 25 days | Nijiyuugonichi |
| 26th | Nijiyuuroku nichi | 26 days | Nijiyuuroku nichi |
| 27th | Nijiyuushi nichi | 27 days | Nijiyuushi nichi |
| 28th (No. 28) | Nijiyuu is nichi | 28 days | Nijiyuu is nichi |
| 29th (No. 29) | Nijiyuukunichi | 29 days | Nijiyuukunichi |
| 30th (No. 30) | Sanji Yuunichi | 30 days | Sanji Yuunichi |
| 31st (No. 31) | I'm so happy | 31 days | I'm so happy |
Special pronunciation:
Japanese verbs and auxiliary words"を" ＜"を": prompt object＞
Intransitive verbIt indicates the natural occurrence of a state or action, whileOther verbsAn object is required.
The particle "を" is used in sentences to indicateOther verbsThe object of .
「で」 is used to indicate ＜place＞
At (place).
N (place) + で + action, indicating the place where the action or event takes place.
「で」 is used to indicate ＜tools, means＞
Use (tool/method).
N (tool/means) + で + action, indicating the tool or means of the action.
「で」 is used to indicate ＜reason, reason＞
because···.
N (cause/reason) + で + status/result, indicating the cause or reason of an event or status.
To... To...
“に” is used after a noun to indicate the object of an action such as communication or giving.
If it is... As for... If it is... (N)..., then...
It follows a noun to express a condition or assumption, limit the context, and express a more specific meaning.
about···.
about (something)...
N (noun) + について+ verb, indicating the subject of discussion, description, investigation and inquiry.
N についての is followed by a noun and means "about (something)". Skip to Lesson 17 for details.
16. Go somewhere and do something
V shape＋に＋行く/来る/帰る＜Purposeful movement＞
go/come/go back···(somewhere)···to do···(something)···.
V（ますshaped）＋に＋行く／来る／帰る, "go/come/back" in order to complete a certain action.
Verbs are usually verbs with a purpose, such as "buy", "see", "force", etc.
On one side..., on the other side...
V（ますshaped）＋ながら、～, indicating that the subject performs two actions at the same time. The latter is the main action.
Quantifier も＜subjectively considered to be more＞
Enough... There is...
Quantifier + も, indicating that the speaker subjectively believes that the number is large, with a tone of surprise and emphasis.
~でしょ（う） ＜Confirmation, rhetorical question-Ⅰ＞
···right? Isn't it ···?
Noun/adjective + でしょ（う）, indicating confirming the authenticity of something with the other party or expressing a tone of doubt or speculation.
In order to... In order to...
N (noun) + の + ため
V dictionary form + ため
Indicates the purpose or reason for someone to do something. It is usually followed by "に" to indicate the direction of the purpose or behavior.
The purpose is generally positive.
~の（／ん）です. ＜Explanation-Ⅱ(verb)＞
It is for the sake of... Because...
Verb common form＋のです/んです, used for explanation and further supplement.
Generally, there are the following usage scenarios:
Do you want to...? Can we... together?
V (ます-shaped) + ませんか, used to persuade or invite the other person to do something together.
Expressing it in a polite negative form appears to be more tactful and polite.
The verbs in Japanese areRespectandSimplifiedThere are two forms. In verb sentences, the honorific form is mainly used in formal or polite situations, while the simplified form is used in casual or daily conversation.
Comparison table of four quadrants of the formal and simplified forms of verbs
| affim | negative | |
| Now/Future | Respect：～ます | Respect：～ません |
| Simplified: Dictionary form | Simplified：～ない | |
| past | Respect：～ました | Respect：～ませんでした |
| Simplified：～ shape | Simplified：～なかった |
example:
| "Read" | affim | negative |
| Now/Future | Respect：読みます | Respect：読みません |
| Simplified：Read | Simplified：Read | |
| past | Respect：Read it | Respect：I read it |
| Simplified：Read | Simplified：読まなかった |
| "Come on" | affim | negative |
| Now/Future | Respect：Come Masu | Respect：来ません（きません） |
| Simplified: Come (Kuru) | Simplified：I'm coming | |
| past | Respect：来ました（きました） | Respect：来ませんでした（きませんでした） |
| Simplified：Come here | Simplified：来なかった（こなかった） |
The dictionary form of verbs, also called the "Vru" form, is equivalent to the original form of the verb. It indicates the present and future tenses.
Used to state facts, describe habits, express future actions, etc.:
For simple, casual statements:
Combined with other syntax:
Don't do something. Don't let something happen. Don't...
The impermanent or negative form of a verb, used to express negation.
Class I verbs (five-part verbs)
"うdan" → "あdan" + "ない".
Special attention: "ある" becomes "ない", which means "no".
Second Class Verbs (One-Section Verbs)
Remove "る" and add "ない".
Three types of verbs (irregular verbs)
The simplified form of "V ませんでした" is the past tense of "V ない", that is, "V なかった".
···'s. ···'s time.
Same as the dictionary form of the verb. Used to modify nouns or act as an attributive in a sentence.
N1 (cycle) and N2 (number) V <Frequency>
Every…(time)…several times.
N1 (period) + に + N2 (quantity) + V, indicating the frequency of an action or behavior.
About…(noun 1)…(noun 2)…
N について means "about...". Jump to Lesson 15 for details.
N についての followed by a noun means "something about...".
Hardly... Not nearly... (not quite)...
HONDO + V NAI, emphasizing that an action hardly occurs, or the amount is extremely small, close to non-existent.
Amari + V Nai, meaning "not very...", not too frequent or not many, and slightly weaker in tone than "ほとんど".
The particle "の" is usually used to indicate a relationship of ownership or modification, that is, "···'s···".
"の" can also be connected with some particles with specific meanings (such as "で", "と", "から", "へ", "まで", etc.) to form "N+particle+の+N" structure.
「Nで」 indicates the place or means where an action or event takes place:
「N と」 indicates the common participants or relationship of an action:
「Nから」 indicates the starting point or source of an action:
"N へ" means direction or destination:
「Nまで」 indicates the end of an action or the end of a time:
Note that there is no "NにのN". Replace it with "へ". "NへのN" means direction or goal.
···Yeah···and so on. For example···and···etc.
N1＋や＋N2＋など, lists several of the nouns, but does not include all of them.
18. Verbs of giving and receiving, continuous forms
あげる/くれる/もらう＜To give and receive verbs＞
In Japanese, "give" needs to be distinguished according to different subjects. This series of verbs is used to express the relationship of giving and receiving objects, and is called "giving and receiving verbs."
Give to others.1Give item N to N2.
N1(Giver/わたし) + は + N2(receiver) + に+ N (item) + を+ あげる, N1Give items or help to N2.
Usually it is I (the speaker) giving something to another person.
But when N1(Giver) and N2When neither (recipient) is "I", there are two specific cases:
N1 and N2 The psychological distance between the speakers is the same.
The speaker is psychologically inclined to N1.
Note: When using "あげる", you need to consider the speaker's psychological tendency. If there is a significant difference in psychological distance, you may not be able to use "あげる".
In addition to "あげる", "やる" also means "to give", and its usage is basically the same as "あげる".
To "me" or "we".1Give item N to "me" or "us".
N1 (giver/わたし) + は+ N2 (receiver) + に+ N (item) + を+ あげる, the recipient is "I" or "we". The default recipient is "I".
N1 and N2 Neither is "I", but the speaker is psychologically more inclined to N2 hour:
Get it from others.1From N2Item N is obtained there.
N1(Receiver/わたし) + は + N2(giver) + に/から+ N (item) + を+ もらう, the subject is the recipient, and 「から」 is used to emphasize the source. 「もらう」 means to get.
N1 and N2 Neither is "I", but the speaker is psychologically more inclined to N1.
"いただく" is the honorific form of "もらう" and has the meaning of self-effacement.
I want to... want to do something.
V (ます形) + たい, expressing a desire or wanting to do something.
The conjugation of 「たい」 follows the rules for Type I adjectives.
When the verb isOther verbsWhen expressing a wish, the object is usually indicated by the particle "を". However, when using the "たい" form, the particle "が" can be used.
Generally speaking, "Vますshaped＋たいです" is used for the first person. It is more polite to use "V ますshaped + たがっています" to indirectly ask or describe the wishes of another person (usually in the third person).
have no idea···.
Verb (simplified) + か分かりません. い adjective (simplified) + か分かりません. na adjective (simplified) + か分かりません. Noun (simplified) + か分かりません.
"～か分かりません" is used to express uncertainty or not knowing something.
Quantifier, adverb of degree + ずつ, indicating that an action is repeated in a certain amount.
Choose... Decide...
N + nisuru, which means to choose something from many options. It is often used in ordering food, shopping, etc.
For い-adjectives, the ending "い" is changed to "く" + a verb.
な-adjectives are formed by adding 「に」 + a verb to the stem.
"Adjective conjunctive form" refers to the form of an adjective followed by a verb (i.e. a verb).
That is, adjectives modify verbs.
Verb (Simplified Chinese) + のでい Adjective (Simplified Chinese) + のでな Adjective (Simplified Chinese) Remove 「だ」 + な + ので
Noun (simplified Chinese) remove 「だ」 + な+ ので
「ので」 is used to express causality, that is, to state the cause. It is more polite and gentle than 「から」.
V て (verb second conjunctive form)
It can express the continuity of actions, causal relationships, requests, the progression of states, etc.
The te-form of the first-class verbs (five-part verbs)
Word endings are "う, つ, る" → become "って"
Word endings are "む, ぶ, ぬ" → become "んで"
Words ending with 「く」 → become「いて」
Words ending with 「ぐ」 → become「いで」
Words ending with 「す」 → become「して」
The te-form of the second-class verbs (a-part verbs)
Remove "る" and add "て"
The te-form of the three types of verbs (irregular verbs)
"する" → becomes "して"
「来る（くる）」 → becomes 「来て（きて）」
The rules of variation of "V ta" andte-form of verbsame.
The ta-form of the first-class verbs (five-part verbs)
Word endings are "う, つ, る" → become "った"
Word endings are "む, ぶ, ぬ" → become "んだ"
Words ending with 「く」 → become「いた」
Words ending with 「ぐ」 → become「いだ」
Words ending with 「す」 → become「した」
The ta-form of the second-class verbs (seminal verbs)
Remove "る" and add "た".
The ta-form of the three types of verbs (irregular verbs)
V て, V て, V ます. ＜The pause of the verb＞
···Then···, finally···.
V1 て、V2 て、V3 Masu.Indicates a series of actions that occur in sequence or continue. Usually the last action uses the "ます" form to indicate the completion of the entire action sequence. Only the last place can reflect the tense.
Please... (do something).
V (て形) + ください, which means to ask the other person to do something. It can be used in daily conversations, service places, and communication with superiors and elders.
(I) intend to... plan...
Affirmative form: V る+ つもりだ
Negative form: V ない+ つもりだ
The speaker intends to do something or not to do something.
Verb continuation: V る+ predetermined だ, used to express planning to do something.
Noun continuation: N + の+ predetermined だ, indicating the scheduled plan for an event or matter.
It is more formal and objective than 「〜つもりだ」 and is often used for arrangements or plans that have already been finalized.
"middle（ちゅう）" is often used after a Chinese word with an action meaning to indicate that the action is in progress. For example, "会会议中（かいぎちゅう）", " "Reluctantly(べんきょうちゅう)"、" in the official career（しごとちゅう）”、”Business(えいぎょうちゅう)"、"Moving（It's so nice）"、"Preparing（じゅんびちゅう）" wait.
Aspects of Japanese verbs and their polite and simplified forms
The aspect of a verb is used to expressThe state of action. Aspect expression includes the states of duration, completion and negation of verbs.
Based on "V ている", other verb body forms can be formed, such as "V ていない" (negative form), "V ていた" (past continuous) and "V ていなかった" (past negative).
Respect: "Vています." 』,『Vていません』,『Vていました』,『Vていませんでした』.
V ている＜Continuation of action (V ている-Ⅰ)＞
In the process of...
Used to describe an action that is currently happening (dynamic verb).
V ている＜The continuation of the result（V ている–Ⅱ）＞
Indicates the continuation of a state (static verb), used to describe the continuation of a certain state, that is, the action has been completed, but the state remains unchanged.
V ている＜Habitual behavior（V ている−Ⅲ）＞
Indicates repetitive or habitual actions.
Not yet... Not yet...
まだ+ V ていない (Simplified) まだ+ V ていません (Respectful)
Indicates that an action has not yet occurred or is not yet completed.
The honorific form is often used to answer questions such as "もうV ましたか." (Has it already been completed?) when asking whether a certain action has been completed.
Before...
Vru (verb basic form/dictionary form) + 前 (に), before doing something. Usually indicates that another action needs to be completed before the main action occurs.
···Afterwards. ···Afterwards.
V (verb te form) + kara, indicating the sequence of actions, that is, after completing a certain action, proceed to the next action.
(A third party) wants to do something. / (A third party) wants something.
Third person + V (verb form) + たがる, indicating that the third person "wants to do something".
「-たがる」 is a derived verb form of 「-たい」, which is used exclusively for the third person. It should be noted that in the 「V たがる」 structure, the object of the verb needs to be indicated by 「を」, and cannot be changed to 「が」.
Moreover, the て form of 「たがる」 is commonly used by Japanese people, which is 「たがる→たがっています」.
Third person + N (noun) + をほしがる, used to express the third person "wanting something".
visible···.
N (noun) + が見える, meaning "to be able to see..." or "to be able to see...". Describes visually visible situations and is often used to express natural scenery, buildings, specific places, etc.VisibilityUnlike "N を見る" which means to take the initiative to see something, "N が見える" is more of a description.Nature in sightsituation.
21. Permission, prohibition or requirement
V ないでください. ＜Negative request (prohibited)＞
Please don't...
V (verb form) + でください, is the negative form of "V てください", usually used to euphemistically request others not to do something.
Can I...?
V (verb form) + もいい, indicating permission or permission.
You don’t have to… You don’t have to…
V (verb form) + なくてもいい, meaning it is not necessary and allowing the other party not to do something.
It is forbidden... You cannot...
V (verb form) + てはいけない, which means prohibiting or not allowing something to be done. It is suitable for conveying discipline, rules and regulations, or orders in the relationship between superiors and subordinates.
V なければならない＜Had to, obligation＞
Must... Have to...
V (verb form) + なければならない, emphasizing the necessity or obligation of a certain behavior.
If not + prohibited = have to, obligation, must
It's like this + it's like this
Nakute wa + ikenai
Nakerezawa + Nara Nai
Nakerezha + Ikenai
なくちゃ (spoken) + ならない
なくちゃ（spoken）＋いけない
なきゃ (spoken) + ならない
なきゃ（spoken）＋いけない
Can... can...
V-shaped + ことができる, meaning "can" or "can".
ことができる→ことができない means "cannot" or "cannot".
Only... Only...
N＋だけ＋で、に、は、を、が, etc. When "だけ" is followed by "を" or "が", these two particles can usually be omitted. It emphasizes that it is limited to a certain object or range.
da ke de: Indicates that a certain condition alone is sufficient. “Only…”
Dakeni: Indicates the reason or background, emphasizing "just because...so..."
Dakeha: Emphasizes the limited object.
da ke wo: It means it is limited to specific objects.を Often omitted.
When...
Verb dictionary form (V る) + 時
Verb ta form (V ta) + tense
They are used to describe the time points when an action has not yet occurred or is in progress and when an action has been completed.
(once)…
V (verb form) + ことがある, indicating that one has had a certain experience, equivalent to "once...been...been..."
V(Verb form) + ことがない, negative form, indicating that a certain experience has not been had.
Used to describe a person's past experiences, usually referring to having done something before or having had this experience before a certain time.
Mainly used to describeA long time agoorExperiences I've had, don't use this sentence pattern for things that happened recently.
V る/V ないことがある＜Sometimes, occasionally＞
Sometimes... Occasionally...
Sometimes no. Occasionally no.
V Rukotogaru: means "sometimes..." or "occasionally..."
V Nai Kotogaru: Indicates "sometimes not..." or "occasionally not..."
The method of doing...
V (verb form minus "ます") + square (かた), meaning "the method of" or "the way of..."
There is a taste/sound/smell of...
N (noun) + がする, expresses a sensory experience that is the result of natural perception rather than active perception.
sound（おと）がする (the sound of a certain environment or object), sound（こえ）がする (someone’s voice), 匂い（におい）がする (to give off a certain smell), taste（あじ）がする(having a certain smell), smelly（くさい）がする (smell something strange). . .
N (place) を＜ Starting point, passing through＞
N (place) + を + intransitive verb, which means starting from a certain place or moving along a certain path.
Maybe. Probably. Maybe.
Verb (V simplified) + でしょう
Ⅰ Adjective-like (simplified) + でしょう
Ⅱ Adjective-like (stem) + でしょう (remove 「だ」 and directly connect 「でしょう」)
Noun (N) + でしょう (remove "だ" and directly connect "でしょう")
Indicates speculation or possibility. The tone carries a certain degree of uncertainty, but is based on certain information or judgment. This sentence pattern can also be used to ask questions, with the meaning of confirmation or inquiry. The simplified form is "だろう".
During the period of..., (always)...
Noun + の + 间: Indicates within a certain period of time or period
V ている+ room: Indicates in action or stateDurationWhat happens inside
Is it...? I was thinking... Right?
Verbs and adjectives: Use simplified sentences with 「かな」
Noun: Directly connected to 「かな」
A soliloquy expressing a slight exclamation or uncertainty. It is often used in soliloquy or in situations with speculation, indicating the speaker's uncertainty or hesitation about something.
２３ Verbs of giving and receiving as auxiliary verbs
Even if..., also... Even if..., also...
Verb: V-shaped + も
ⅠClass adjective: adjective (いadjective goes to 「い」 + く) + ても
ⅡQuasi-adjective: adjective (なadjective stem) + でも
Noun: noun + でも
expressEven in some cases, the result does not change, is often used to express a firm result or state, that is, no matter what the conditions are, the result remains the same.
（before）···.
Noun + までに：Indicates before the time point of the noun.
Verb dictionary form + までに: Indicates before the action or event occurs.
It indicates a deadline or time limit, emphasizes the time limit, and requires the action to be completed before the specified time point.
『Quoted sentences + と+ 言う/hear く/answer える, used to quote the other party's original words, with a strong sense of objective description.
Simplified sentence + と+ 言う/hear く/answer える, converting the original words into simplified sentences with a more natural tone, suitable for use in daily conversations.
Used to quote someone else's words or express indirect quotation, indicating information heard or obtained.
(I) think that . (I) feel that . (I) think that .
Simplified Chinese Sentences + と思う, used to express one's own thoughts, opinions or speculations. The particle "と" is used to indicate the content of the thought and to indicate the object of "思う". It is mainly used in the first person, that is, to express one's own subjective judgment or opinion. Generally, direct quotations are not used, so the content before "と" should be expressed in simplified form. Regardless of the tone of the sentence, the content before "と" must be expressed in simplified form.
Maybe... Probably...
Verb simplified form + かもしれない
いAdjective simplified form + かもしれない
na-adjective stem da + Kamoshirena
Noun N (simplified form removes "だ") + かもしれない
This tone indicates that the speaker is not completely sure about a situation, but thinks it is possible. It is more uncertain than 「〜でしょう」 and carries a sense of speculation.
···after,···.
Past tense of verb (V た) + after (で): Indicates after an action is completed.
Noun + の + 后（で）: Indicates after a certain point in time or event.
Only. Only.
N + しか + V (negative form) means "only..." or "merely...", emphasizing the small quantity or limited scope.Although the verb is in negative form, the meaning of the sentence is positive., emphasizing small quantity or limited scope.
More than...1···，···N2(also)... Not only..., but also...
N1 + Dakedenaku + N2 + も, indicating that it is not limited to N1, and N2It can be used to describe multiple aspects of objects, people, characteristics, etc. It is also suitable for use in sentences that need to emphasize the expansion of the scope.
『あげる/くれる/もらう＜Giving and receiving verb＞』 is the acceptance of objects, and the grammar in this section emphasizesGiving and receiving actions.
『V てあげる
I do something for someone else.
N1 (I/giver)はN2 (receiver)にV てあげる, it expresses help to others with a sense of favor, so it should be avoided in formal occasions or to people you are not close to.
『V Tekureru
Someone else does something for me.
N1 (giver)はN2 (me/receiver)にV てくれる, to express that someone else does something for you (or someone on your side), the recipient (usually "I") uses "に" as a prompt, but "私に" can be omitted.
『V てもらう
Someone else does something for me.
N1 (giver)はN2 (me/receiver)にV てくれる, used to express that someone else does something for you (or your side), "私に" can also be omitted.
貰う
→ 贳います（ますshaped）
→ Morate (te shape)
→ Morata (た shape)
Be able to do something/have the ability to do something
Five-part verbs (う-part verbs)
ウ→ エ＋ る
Return to す（かえす）→ Return to せる（かえせる）
书く（かく）→ 书ける（かける）
Swimmingぐ（およぐ）→ Swimmingげる（およげる）
Wait for it (まつ) → Wait for it (まてる)
読む（よむ）→ 読める（よめる）
游ぶ（あそぶ）→ 游べる（あそべる）
Send る（おくる）→ Send れる（おくれる）
る → られる
Ci める（やめる）→ Ci められる（やめられる）
夜る（bedる）→ bedられる（ねられる）
する→ できる
reluctantly → reluctantly
来る（くる）→ 来られる（こられる）
Common on the Internet.One section,Irregular verbsThe ら can be omitted directly.
The formal noun 「ところ」 is used to indicate the stage of an action.
VIt's like this.
expressComing SoonAn action, equivalent to "just about to..." or "about to..."
VIt's the same as mine.
expressOngoingAn action equivalent to "being..."
VIt's like this.
expressJust completedAn action equivalent to "just finished".
Just now... Just now... not long ago.
Verb ta-form + ばかりだ, emphasizing that the event has just been completed and that a short period of time has passed, with an implication of freshness or “just ended”.
Time is highly subjective and depends on the speaker's feelings.
How about something like...?
Noun + でも, used to offer a suggestion or example for the other party to consider.
The particle "で" comes after a quantifier or a question word regarding a quantifier.
（N に）V てほしい/ V ないでほしい
I hope you... I hope you don't...
V-shaped +: Hope that the other party will do something
V ない形+でほしい: Hope that the other party will not do something
(N に)V てほしい/ V ないでほしい：Indicate the object of hope
When the speaker wants a certain state or phenomenon to occur, he or she uses "が" to indicate it. The predicate verb is usually an intransitive verb.
It seems that... It seems that... It's like...
V Simplified + みたいだ.
AⅠ Simplified Chinese + みたいだ.
AⅠⅠ Simplified (～da)+ みたいだ.
N Simplified (～da)+ みたいだ.
It expresses the speaker's subjective speculation about the current situation. He is not sure whether it is true, but judges a possibility from the appearance or condition.
I'm telling you＜ Paraphrasing ＞
He said/she said···.
V (simplified form) + と语っていた
AⅠ(いadjective) + と语っていた
AⅡ（なadjective stem + da）+ I want to say
N(noun + da）+ I want to say
To paraphrase a third person's speech or opinion, it uses the form of "言っていた", which has a retrospective meaning, that is, to paraphrase information that happened in the past.
25 Simplified and conjoined forms of written language
It’s not..., but...
Noun + ではなく（て）.
It means denying the previous content and adding the correct content after it.ではなくて and じゃなくて are mostly used in spoken language.
Simplified written version of "です" and "だ".
| affim | negative | |
| Now and in the future | N is it. | N is it. |
| past | N I don't. | N is that kind of thing. |
Because...
Sentence + からだ.
The negative form is "~からではない", "It's not because...".
For... For... For... Because of...
N+ is here.
To express an evaluation or position on a thing, situation or person from the perspective of a specific subject (N).
It's called the N. The so-called N.
~という＋ noun (N).
When you need to talk about someone or something that you or the other person don’t know, you can use “という” as a hint.
Sentence + という＋ noun (N).
It can also be placed at the end of a sentence to explain the specific content of a noun.
No matter...anyway...
Question word + でも.
Applicable to any situation and any object.
It seems... Probably... It seems...
Verb common form + ようだ.
いAdjective common form + ようだ.
なAdjective stem＋ な＋ ようだ.
Noun + の + ようだ.
It indicates the speaker's speculation or judgment based on certain evidence (sight, hearing, feeling, etc.).
Like...
Noun (N) + のようだ.
Generally used with the adverbs "まるで" and "いかにも", etc., "(almost) like...".
SOV→（Simplified verb + S）はOをV
(BUY ったN) はパソコンです.
(DRINK N) It’s good.
N→こと, fill in a formal aspect here, used for abstract and objective statements, customary rules and behaviors.
In addition to being used as a general noun to mean "things", "こと" can also be used as a "formal word" to connect the conjoined form of a verb or adjective.Nounization, so that it can serve as the subject, object, etc. of the sentence. In addition to "こと", there are also "の" and "もの" in the formal aspect.
Too... Too much...
Verb continuous form + すぎる: indicates excessive action
The adjective "い"＋すぎる: expresses excessive nature
na adjective stem + すぎる: expresses excessive nature
Note that when すぎる is added to an adjective, it becomes a verb.
Often used to express bad results, implying that "something has gone too far", with negative comments, and sometimes with exaggerated effects.
EN 
CN