Breakdown:

Nonstandard FDTD Notes Preface

The notebook is divided into three parts: elementary, intermediate and advanced.

The beginner's chapter mainly introduces one-dimensional standard and non-standard FDTD theories.

The intermediate chapter will introduce the two-dimensional FDTD theory. The two-dimensional NS-FDTD theory improves the accuracy of solving Maxwell's equations by combining different finite difference models, which is one of the core of this method.

The advanced version will introduce the three-dimensional FDTD theory and apply it to conductive media (such as metals, plasmas, etc.) to study the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves in these materials.

Advantages of the NS-FDTD algorithm

Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is one of the most famous numerical algorithms for calculating electromagnetic wave propagation. The FDTD method can simulate structures of arbitrary shapes, nonlinear media, and can calculate the propagation of broadband electromagnetic waves. NS-FDTD reduces computing resources by optimizing the calculation of single-frequency waves, allowing higher-precision structures to be calculated with the same resource consumption. Using the NS-FDTD method, researchers have successfully and accurately simulated a special type of electromagnetic mode - Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM).

The whispering gallery mode refers to the phenomenon that electromagnetic waves or sound waves propagate near the inner wall of a circular, spherical or ring-shaped structure and circle around it many times without being easily scattered to the outside.

An intuitive example is that under the circular dome of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, if one person whispers softly on one side, another person on the other side, tens of meters away, can still hear it. This is because the sound waves propagate along the circular wall and stay on a specific path, thus reducing energy loss.

The traditional FDTD method often has large errors when calculating WGM, but the NS-FDTD method has higher accuracy, so the calculation results are closer to the theoretical values, as shown in the figure above.

(a) Figure: Analytical solution of Mie theory, used as a reference standard.

(b) Figure: Simulation results using the traditional FDTD method on a coarse grid deviate greatly from the theoretical values.

(c) Figure: Simulation using the NS-FDTD method on the same coarse grid. The results are highly consistent with the Mie theory and are significantly better than the traditional FDTD calculation results.

Beginner's Edition

First, we introduce the one-dimensional standard/non-standard FDTD theory. In computer simulation, additional considerations are required for numerical stability and boundary conditions.

1. Finite Difference Model

Many partial differential equations (PDEs) do not have analytical solutions, so they can only rely on numerical simulation. Finite difference method (FDM) is the most common numerical calculation method. The basic idea is to use differential expressions to approximate the solution of differential equations.

1.1 Forward Finite Difference (FFD)

To find the derivative of a one-dimensional function, first use Taylor Series Expansion to expand the function $f(x)$ at $x+\Delta x$:
$$
f(x + \Delta x) = f(x) + \Delta x \frac{df(x)}{dx} + \frac{\Delta x^2}{2!} \frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} + \cdots ,
\tag{1}
$$
When $\Delta x$ is small enough, we can ignore the higher-order terms (i.e. $ \frac{\Delta x^2}{2!} \frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} + \cdots $ ), and only keep the first-order derivative terms. Finally, we can get:
$$
\frac{df(x)}{dx} \approx \frac{f(x+\Delta x) – f(x)}{\Delta x} .
\tag{2}
$$
Formula (2) is called the forward finite difference (FFD) approximation.

The term $\frac{\Delta x^2}{2!} \frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} + \cdots$ is ignored in the Taylor expansion, so the truncation error is a first-order error, that is, $O(\Delta x) $ .

1.2 Backward Finite Difference (BFD)

Similarly, the expansion of the function $f(x)$ at $x – \Delta x$ is:
$$
f(x – \Delta x) = f(x) – \Delta x \frac{df(x)}{dx} + \frac{\Delta x^2}{2!} \frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} + \cdots .
\tag{3}
$$
Easy to get:
$$
\frac{df(x)}{dx} \approx \frac{f(x) – f(x- \Delta x)}{\Delta x} .
\tag{4}
$$
The error is the same as above.

1.3 Central Finite Difference (CFD)

The previous two algorithms only use the current point and one adjacent point for calculation, so the accuracy is low. The center difference uses the two adjacent points before and after to improve the accuracy.

For the function $f(x)$, subtract formula (1) from formula (3), eliminate the second-order derivative term, and obtain:
$$
f(x + \Delta x) – f(x – \Delta x) = 2\Delta x \frac{df}{dx} + O(\Delta x^3) .
\tag{5}
$$
Further sorting gives:
$$
\frac{df}{dx} \approx \frac{f(x + \Delta x) – f(x – \Delta x)}{2\Delta x} .
\tag{6}
$$
Some textbooks use $ \Delta x/2 $ to replace $ \Delta x $ to obtain formula (7). The two are actually equivalent.
$$
\frac{df}{dx} \approx \frac{f(x + \Delta x/2) – f(x – \Delta x/2)}{\Delta x} .
\tag{7}
$$
Both of the above formulas are called second-orderCentral finite differenceformula.

In addition, for the function $f(x)$, adding formula (1) to formula (3) and eliminating the first-order derivative term, we can obtain:
$$
f(x+ \Delta) + f(x- \Delta) = 2f(x) + \Delta x^2 \frac{d^2 f}{dx^2} + O(\Delta x^4).
\tag{8}
$$
After sorting, we get:
$$
\frac{d^2 f}{dx^2} \approx \frac{f(x + \Delta x) – 2f(x) + f(x – \Delta x)}{\Delta x^2}
\tag{9}
$$

1.4 Higher-Order Finite Difference

In the finite difference method, the calculation accuracy is improved by increasing the number of sampling points to obtain a higher-order difference formula.

In order to improve the accuracy, two additional sampling points $x + 2\Delta x, x – 2\Delta x$ are added on the basis of the second-order central finite difference method, and Taylor expansion is performed here:

For the right-hand side points, the Taylor expansion is:
$$
f(x+2\Delta x) = f(x) + 2\Delta x\frac{df(x)}{dx} + 2\Delta x^2 \frac{d^2f(x)}{dx^2}+O(\Delta x^3) ,
\tag{10}
$$
Similarly,
$$
f(x – 2\Delta x) = f(x) – 2\Delta x \frac{df(x)}{dx} + 2\Delta x^2 \frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} + O(\Delta x^3) .
\tag{11}
$$
By linear combination (for example, inverting formula (11) and halving it, and adding the two formulas together), we can eliminate the high-order error terms and obtain:
$$
\frac{d^2 f(x)}{dx^2} \approx \frac{1}{\Delta x^2} \left[ \frac{4}{3} (f(x + \Delta x) + f(x – \Delta x)) – \frac{1}{12} (f(x + 2\Delta x) + f(x – 2\Delta x)) – \frac{5}{2} f(x) + \cdots \right] .
\tag{12}
$$
This model uses four points and reduces the error by weighted averaging, but it brings potential problems such as numerical instability.

When we replace differential equations with higher-order finite differences, we introduce additional numerical solutions, called spurious solutions, which do not actually exist but are caused by the discretization properties of higher-order difference equations.

For example, a first-order differential equation such as $ \frac{df}{dx} = f(x) $ usually has one independent solution, a second-order differential equation such as the wave equation $\frac{d^2f}{dx^2}=k^2f(x)$ usually has two independent solutions (two free parameters), a fourth-order differential equation will have four independent solutions, and so on.

In numerical calculations, if a fourth-order finite difference method is used to approximate a second-order differential equation, the end of the difference equation will be forcibly raised, resulting in additional spurious solutions. These additional solutions do not correspond to the original physical system.

In particular, the second-order differential wave equation describing electromagnetic wave propagation should be solved using the second-order central finite difference method rather than higher-order methods.

2. One-dimensional wave equation

To simulate the propagation of waves on a computer, numerical methods are needed for approximate calculations, among which the finite difference time domain method plays a powerful role.

The mathematical expression of the one-dimensional wave equation is:
$$
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial t^2} = v^2 \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} ,
\tag{1}
$$
Where $\psi(x,t)$ represents the amplitude of the wave, $v$ is the speed of wave propagation (light in a vacuum is $3 \times 10^8$ m/s).

The physical meaning of this equation is that the change of waves is related to the change of time and space.

For an infinitely long wave medium, the solution is usually a traveling wave of a very simple form:
$$
\psi(x,t) = A \cos(kx – \omega t) + B \sin(kx – \omega t) .
\tag{2}
$$
This situation applies to electromagnetic waves propagating in free space. For example, if the boundary is fixed, the traveling wave can be expanded by a sine function:
$$
\psi(x,t) = \sum_{n} A_n \sin(k_n x) \cos(\omega_n t).
\tag{3}
$$
However, if the boundary is irregular, such as electromagnetic waves reflecting on the ground, water waves hitting the coastline, sound waves propagating in multiple rooms, etc., it cannot be simply expanded into a sine or exponential form, and the analytical solution will be extremely complicated. For example, sound waves will have different reflection paths when they contact walls of different media, making it impossible to directly solve the propagation path of the sound waves.

Analytical solutions usually assume that the wave speed $v$ is constant, that is, the wave propagates in a homogeneous medium. But in reality, waves travel through inhomogeneous media, such as sound waves that have different propagation speeds in rooms of different temperatures. In these cases, the wave equation becomes a variable coefficient partial differential equation, such as:
$$
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial t^2} = v(x)^2 \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} ,
\tag{4}
$$
The speed $v$ will change with the position $x$, which makes it impossible to directly use Fourier transform to obtain the analytical value.

Or there is an excitation source on the right side of the wave equation, that is, multiple waveforms may have different sources interfering with each other. In this case, it is also difficult to find an analytical solution.

And in the real world, the propagation of energy will cause losses, so it is necessary to introduce loss terms into the wave equation. At this time, the wave equation will become a nonlinear equation or a high-order differential equation, making it impossible to solve directly.

Therefore, we introduce the finite difference time domain method to solve these problems.

2.1 Standard FDTD algorithm

Since computers cannot directly calculate continuous mathematical equations, they needDiscretization, which divides space and time into grids, and then lets the computer gradually calculate the fluctuations of each grid.

In continuous form, the one-dimensional wave equation
$$
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial t^2} = v^2 \frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} ,
\tag{1*}
$$
The equivalent form is
$$
\left( \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} – v^2 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} \right) \psi(x,t) = 0.
\tag{5}
$$
Therefore, using the interval $\Delta x$ to discretize space, each point is represented by the index $i$$x = i\Delta x$; using the interval $\Delta t$ to discretize time, each moment is represented by the miniature $n$$t = n\Delta t$, where $n$ are all integers. So the wave function is written as:
$$
\psi_i^n = \psi(i\Delta x, n\Delta t) .
\tag{6}
$$
The derivative of the wave function is then calculated using the central finite difference method.

The central finite difference approximation of the second-order partial derivative functions in time and space directions is
$$
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial t^2} \approx \frac{\psi_i^{n+1} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_i^{n-1}}{\Delta t^2} ,
\tag{7}
$$

$$
\frac{\partial^2 \psi}{\partial x^2} \approx \frac{\psi_{i+1}^{n} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_{i-1}^{n}}{\Delta x^2} .
\tag{8}
$$

where $\psi_{i+1}^{n}$ is the fluctuation value of the adjacent grid point on the right.

Substituting formula (7) and formula (8) into the wave equation (formula (1)), we obtain formula (9).
$$
\frac{\psi_i^{n+1} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_i^{n-1}}{\Delta t^2} = v^2 \frac{\psi_{i+1}^{n} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_{i-1}^{n}}{\Delta x^2} ,
\tag{9}
$$
After sorting out, we get the standard 1D FDTD calculation formula.1D standard finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm:
$$
\psi_i^{n+1} = 2\psi_i^n – \psi_i^{n-1} + \left( \frac{v^2 \Delta t^2}{\Delta x^2} \right) (\psi_{i+1}^{n} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_{i-1}^{n}) .
\tag{10}
$$
This formula depends on the calculation of the two step points before and after in time and space. In other words, the state of the current point is affected by the adjacent points.

2.2 Non-standard FDTD algorithm

In the standard FDTD method, the wave equation is discretized using central differences. However, this method hasNumerical dispersionProblem: There will be large errors when the grid is coarse.

The non-standard FDTD algorithm solves the above problems. NS-FDTD makes special treatment for monochromatic waves, ensuring accuracy even if the values are discrete.

First, suppose that we are studying a certain monochromatic wave
$$
\psi(x,t) \;=\; e^{\,i(kx – \omega t)},
\tag{11}
$$
where $k$ is the wave number ($k = 2\pi / \lambda$) and $\omega$ is the angular frequency ($\omega = 2\pi f$).

The spatial differential of formula (11) in the continuous case is
$$
\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} \;=\; i\,k\, \psi(x,t).
\tag{12}
$$
For example, if we use standard differences directly to calculate $\Delta_x \psi(x,t)$, we get
$$
\Delta_x \psi(x,t)
= \psi(x+\Delta x,t) – \psi(x,t)
= e^{\,i(kx – \omega t)}\bigl(e^{\,i\,k\,\Delta x} – 1\bigr) ,
\tag{13}
$$
It is not consistent with the real differential. It can only be approximated when $\Delta x$ is small enough. In other words, if the grid is coarse, the so-called error will occur.

NS-FDTD introduces the correction factor $s(\Delta x)$ to minimize the error of the discrete operator
$$
\Delta_x \psi(x,t)
\approx
s(\Delta x)\,\frac{\partial \psi(x,t)}{\partial x}.
\tag{14}
$$
This $s(\Delta x)$ is determined by the phase change at $\Delta x$. For example, our goal is
$$
\Delta_x \psi(x,t) = \psi(x+\Delta x,t) – \psi(x,t) .
\tag{15}
$$
Then the error factor is derived from formulas (12), (13), (14), and (15):
$$
s(\Delta x)

=\frac{\Delta_x \psi(x,t)}{\partial_x \psi(x,t)}

\frac{e^{\,i\,k\,\Delta x} – 1}{i\,k\,\Delta x}

\times \Delta x

\frac{e^{ik\Delta x} – 1}{ik}.
\tag{16}
$$
By using Euler's formula, the error factor is simplified to
$$
s(\Delta x)
= \frac{2}{k}\,\sin!\Bigl(\frac{k\,\Delta x}{2}\Bigr)\,e^{\,i\,\frac{k\,\Delta x}{2}} .
\tag{17}
$$
Note that when $\Delta x \to 0$, the nonstandard difference degenerates back to the case of "standard central difference", which is almost consistent with the true derivative approximation. In fact, formula (17) contains two parts: phase factor and amplitude, the former corresponds to the exponential part.

Similarly, the correction function in the time direction is derived
$$
s(\Delta t)
= \frac{2}{\omega}\,\sin\Bigl(\frac{\omega\,\Delta t}{2}\Bigr)e^{-\,i\omega\,\Delta t/2}.
\tag{18}
$$
To summarize, we start with the wave equation, discretize space and time, approximate it with the central difference, and then introduce the correction function (the exponential term of the correction function is actually handled implicitly)
$$
\frac{\psi_i^{n+1} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_i^{n-1}}{\left(\frac{2}{\omega} \sin(\omega \Delta t / 2)\right)^2} =
v^2 \frac{\psi_{i+1}^{n} – 2\psi_i^n + \psi_{i-1}^{n}}{\left(\frac{2}{k} \sin(k \Delta x / 2)\right)^2}.
\tag{19}
$$
After sorting, we get
$$
\psi_i^{n+1} = -\psi_i^{n-1} + \left(2 + u_{\text{NS}}^2 d_x^2 \right) \psi_i^n ,
\tag{20}
$$
in
$$
u_{\text{NS}} = \frac{\sin(\omega \Delta t / 2)}{\sin(k \Delta x / 2)} .
\tag{21}
$$

3. One-dimensional FDTD stability

When doing numerical simulation, we hope that the time step $\Delta t$ is as large as possible to reduce the total number of calculation steps, but it cannot exceed a certain limit, otherwise the numerical solution will diverge. How is this limit derived?

Mitsuba3 provides SOTA for pbr. This article focuses on using Mitsuba's principled_hair BSDF and custom adjustments for high-fidelity hair rendering.

Firstly, defining the scene and hair BSDF.

import mitsuba as mi
mi.set_variant('cuda_rgb')

# Define the hair scene with a principled hair BSDF
scene_dict = {
    "type": "scene",
    "integrator": {"type": "volpath"},
    "sensor": {
        "type": "perspective",
        "film": {"type": "hdrfilm", "width": 1024, "height": 768}
    },
    "hair_object": {
        "type": "ply",
        "filename": "../scenes/hair_model.ply",
        "bsdf": {
            "type": "principled_hair",
            "melanin_concentration": 0.6,
            "sigma_a": [0.1, 0.05, 0.02],
            "roughness": 0.3,
            "azimuthal_roughness": 0.2
        }
    },
    "light": {
        "type": "point",
        "intensity": {"type": "spectrum", "value": 150.0},
        "position": [2.0, 2.0, 2.0]
    }
}

# Load and render the scene
scene = mi.load_dict(scene_dict)
image = mi.render(scene, spp=512)

# Display the rendered image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.axis('off')
plt.imshow(image ** (1.0 / 2.2))
plt.show()

First check the port of Clash. Here is7890.

In the local PowerShell, enter ipconfig,

Find the vEthernet (WSL (Hyper-V firewall)) at the bottom, and remember the IPv4 address here. Mine is 172.20.0.1 .

Next, in WSL, add the following code to ~/.bashrc:

alias proxy='export all_proxy=http://172.20.0.1:7890' alias unproxy='unset all_proxy'

Save, then execute the following code to activate:

source ~/.bashrc

１４Verb １.0

Verb Classification

• A verb (five(GO)part(dan)Verb(Doshi)):The ending is "う段"
• Second class verbs (one(Ichi)part(dan)Verb(Doshi)):い段 or え段＋「る」
• Three-part verb
  • S(Sahen)Verb(Doshi):Suru、”Kanji word + する”
  • か(か)Change(H)Word(shi):Come(Kuru)

The honorific form of verbs and the masu form of verbs＜V-shaped＞

Five-part verbs:

The U section becomes the I section kana, and then“Masu”.

• Rest → Rest
• Wish → Wish I could
• Aru → Ari Masu

A verb:

“ru”Remove and then connect“Masu”.

• Get up → Get up
• Sleep → Sleep
• Forget → Forget

Three-part verbs:

• Suru → Shimasu
• reluctantly → reluctantly
• Come(Kuru)→Come(ki)Masu(Masu)

The part of the verb stem that remains after removing "ます" is the "ます form of the verb", also known as: the first continuous form of the verb.

N(time) に＜time point＞

Emphasizes the specific time when an action or event occurs.

The time point can be a specific moment, date, week, etc.

• 7 o'clockni. At seven o'clock.
• Fridayni. on Friday.
• 13thniNakamura's birth date is Nakamura's birthday. There is Nakamura’s birthday party on the 13th.

Time + Goro

Indicates an approximate time.

But it cannot express duration,『3Time Goro, use 「くらい/ぐらい」 at this time.

• 7HourGoroに起きます. Get up around 7 o'clock.
• spring(Haru)GoroniSakura(Sakura)がSaki(さ)きます。 Around spring, the cherry blossoms bloom.
• Afternoon5 o'clockGoroに Telephone をください. Please call me around 5pm.

〜くらい（ぐらい）

About... About...

Approximate amount, time, degree, or extent.

When the preceding sound is unvoiced, use "くらい", and when the preceding sound is voiced or unvoiced, use "ぐらい".

• RINGOthree(Mitsu)tsu(tsu)KuraiBuy いました. Bought about three apples.
  • Buy→Buy います→Buy いました.
• Release(Happiyo)All2 hoursGuraiThe report took about two hours in total.
• Food expenses(Shiyokuhi)30,000 yen per monthGuraiThe food expenses are about 30,000 yen per month.
• classroom(Kiyoshitsu)There are five studentsGuraiIt's okay.

なる＜Change＞

Become. Turn into.

Describes a change from one state to another.

Noun + に + なる

• Doctor→Doctor Ni Naru

い adjectives without "い"+ ku + Naru

• Pale-faced → Pale-faced

na adjective + ni + naru

• Quiet → Quiet

N + になる indicates a change in identity, status or role.

A＋〜なる indicates a change in nature or state.

• November is the beginningCold Kunari Masu. It starts to get colder from early November.
• Body Conditioning(It's so nice)がだいぶYokunari Mashita. My physical condition is much better now.
• Japanese ga KanariGetting started. My Japanese became quite good.
• This weekend's Ibento isSuspension(Chiyushi)Ninari Mashita.This weekend's activities are on hold.
• Demo, in the afternoonSleep(Nemuk)Naruから、何もできなくなります. However, I felt extremely sleepy since the afternoon and couldn’t do anything.
  • Dekiru→できない, can, can. (17 lessons)
  • He is unable to do anything.

V ましょう. ／V ましょうか. ＜Persuasion（Vましょう-Ⅰ）＞

Let's...

The "ます" form of the verb (remove "ます"), add "ましょう".

Used to make a suggestion, an invitation, or to express a definite intention, often used to propose doing something together.

• Soro SoroI'm back. It’s almost time to go back.
  • Return→帰ります→帰りましょう.
• Rest during the day(Hiruyasumi)は、あそこのshop(Misé)へIt's OK. Let's go to that store during lunch break.
• Tonight(Koban),Home(I)^{（It’s okay）}DegameShimashiyoka.
  • Suru→します→しましょうか.

~ほうがいい＜Suggestion＞

It’s best... It should...

···(do) better.

Noun +のほうがいい.

• The car is here→ Car is better (recommended to choose car)

いAdjective: Just add 「ほうがいい」.

• An(Yasu)^{（やすい）}ほうがいい→ (things) are better if they are cheaper

na adjective: add 「なほうがいい」.

• It's convenient → (Life) It’s better to be more convenient

The past tense of the verb + 「ほうがいい」 means that it is best to do something.

• I eat so much → The best

The tense form of the verb + 「ないほうがいい」 means“It's better not to do something”.

• I eat so much → It is best not to eat

Often used to advise the other party to take a certain action, make suggestions or express subjective evaluation.

• Every dayIngredients(Shiyokuzai)^{（しょくざい）}はSafety(Ann-Zen)^{（あんぜん）}naI'm so happyIt is better to have safer daily ingredients.
• 新しいアパートは社にNearlyいI'm so happy.It would be better if the new apartment is closer to the company.
• MotoEffectiveness(Kourizu)of(Mato)^{（こうりつてき）}NamonoI'm so happy. A more efficient approach is better.

Time Pronunciation

Hours (Jikan): When it comes to hours, add "かん" after "hour" to indicate the time period, such as "いちじかん".

Minutes (ふん/ぷん）: The pronunciation of "minute" is "ふん" or "ぷん", which varies depending on the number. For example, "いっぷん" (1 minute), "にふん" (2 minutes).

Special pronunciation tips:

• 4Hours: よじかん (not 「しじかん」).
• 7Hour: しちじかん or ななじかん (usually pronounced しちじかん).
• 9Hours: くじかん (not 「きゅうじかん」).
• 1, 6, 8, 10, 20, 30 minutes and other special readings: いっぷん, ろっぷん, はっぷん, じゅっぷん, etc.

Date: Indicates the date of a certain day, used to mark specific days. For example, "January 1st" is pronounced as "いちがつついたち".

Number of days：Indicates the number of days that have passed, used to describe the length of time. For example, "1 day" is represented by "いちにち".

Special pronunciation:

• There are some special pronunciations for the first ten days of dates and days, such as 「ふつか」 (2nd day/2nd month), 「みっか」 (3rd day/3rd month).
• Both the 20th and the 20th are pronounced "はつか".
• The other days are basically pronounced as a number + 「にち」, which is the same as the date.

１５Verb 2.0

Japanese verbs and auxiliary words"を" ＜"を": prompt object＞

Intransitive verbIt indicates the natural occurrence of a state or action, whileOther verbsAn object is required.

The particle "を" is used in sentences to indicateOther verbsThe object of .

• DoaをOpen(Akeru)^{（あける）}. Open the door.
• Bookを読む. Reading.

N

「で」 is used to indicate ＜place＞

At (place).

N (place) + で + action, indicating the place where the action or event takes place.

• SchoolBleakReluctantly. Study in school.
• Mr. Ito's ZemiBleakDateCollection(Azume)^{（あつめ）}The data was collected in Mr. Ito's discussion class.
• Private Coffee ShopBleakNovel(Shiyousetsu)^{（しょうせつ）}を読みます. I often read novels in coffee shops.
  • よく means often.
  • 読む→読みます.
• JapanBleakは、Oral(Koto)Trial(Shiken)^{（こうとうしけん）}is itPrepare(Jiyunbi)^{（じゅんび）}をしますか. What preparations should be made for interviews in Japan?
  • Donna, means"what kind".
  • する→します, do, carry out.

「で」 is used to indicate ＜tools, means＞

Use (tool/method).

N (tool/means) + で + action, indicating the tool or means of the action.

• telephoneBleakTalk about it. Communicate on the phone.
• SumahoBleakForeign language を reluctantly します. Learn foreign languages using your mobile phone.
• Japanese people use chopsticksBleakCuisine を食べます. Japanese people eat with chopsticks.

「で」 is used to indicate ＜reason, reason＞

because···.

N (cause/reason) + で + status/result, indicating the cause or reason of an event or status.

• Nakamura Yuki tries hard every dayBleak大変なんですよ. Nakamura works hard every day preparing for exams.
• SicknessBleakThe school is closed. I asked for leave and did not go to school due to illness.
• earthquakeBleakBy trainend(と)Marimashita^{（とまりました）}. The train stopped because of the earthquake.
  • Stop it → stop it → stop it → stop it, stop it.
• earthquakeBleakHomeBroken(Kowa)Remashita^{（こわれました）}. Because of the earthquake, the house collapsed.

N に＜Object of action＞

To... To...

“に” is used after a noun to indicate the object of an action such as communication or giving.

• Nakamura-sanniThe data of メールで is sent to ります. Send information to Nakamura via email.
  • Send → Send.
• Afternoon, Joeji-sanni会います. Meet George in the afternoon.
  • We will → We will.
• AUO's simple and easy way out. Ask friends for simple recipes.
  • Simple recipe, simple method.
  • Wenく → Wenきます, ask, listen.

N Nara

If it is... As for... If it is... (N)..., then...

It follows a noun to express a condition or assumption, limit the context, and express a more specific meaning.

• TokyoNara,famous(Yuumei)^{（ゆうめい）}naTourism(Kanko)land(ち)^{（かんこうち）}がたくさんあります. If it is Tokyo, there are many famous tourist attractions.
• Japanese novelNara, 家には何书かありますよ. Speaking of Japanese novels, I have quite a few at home.
• PasoconNara, こちらがいいですよ. For computers, this is great.
• My questionNara, ExpertsDe Naraわかるかもしれません.
  • De Nara, in···Aspect, in a certain range or field.
  • To understand, to comprehend.
  • かもしれません means speculation, equivalent to"Maybe" has a similar meaning to "かもしれない".

N

about···.

about (something)...

N (noun) + について+ verb, indicating the subject of discussion, description, investigation and inquiry.

• Economy(Keizai)^{（けいざい）}のグローバリゼーションNitsuiteIt is about economic globalization.
• Previous week's tripNitsuiteComposition を书きました. I wrote an essay about my trip last week.
• Today's teachingNitsuite, He か questioned はありますか. Do you have any questions about today’s course content?

N についての is followed by a noun and means "about (something)". Skip to Lesson 17 for details.

16. Go somewhere and do something

V shape＋に＋行く/来る/帰る＜Purposeful movement＞

go/come/go back···(somewhere)···to do···(something)···.

V（ますshaped）＋に＋行く／来る／帰る, "go/come/back" in order to complete a certain action.

Verbs are usually verbs with a purpose, such as "buy", "see", "force", etc.

• See the movieI'm going to. Go to the movies.
• Japan is strongniCome(ki)^（き）Mashita. Come to Japan to study.
• Meeting with parentsNi kai ri masu. Go home to see my parents.
• Forgotten things in the classroomI'm going to. Go to the classroom to pick up the things you left behind.
• SakurunoNakama(Nakama)^{（なかま）}Tachito hanamiI'm going to. Go flower viewing with friends from the club.
• Take a walkniout(Bleak)^（で）KakemashiyoKa. Let's go for a walk.

V-shaped + Nagara, ~

On one side..., on the other side...

V（ますshaped）＋ながら、～, indicating that the subject performs two actions at the same time. The latter is the main action.

• TestNagara, パワーポイントを为ります. Thinking and making PPT.
• Drink at CoheNagaraI study while drinking coffee.
  • Drink む→ Drink みます→ Drink みながら.
• brother はいつも音楽を文きNagara,Problem(Shiyukuda)^{（しゅくだい）}My younger brother always does his homework while listening to music.
• TeaNagara, 说しましょうか. (Let's) talk over a drink.

Quantifier も＜subjectively considered to be more＞

Enough... There is...

Quantifier + も, indicating that the speaker subjectively believes that the number is large, with a tone of surprise and emphasis.

• Three students in the classroomもThere are three people in the classroom.
• Discussion(Giron)^{（ぎろん）}はthree(Mitsu)day(か)^{（みっか）}もIt's a continuation^{（つずきました）}The discussion lasted three days.
• Japanese(Nikiei)Enterprise(Kigiyo)^{(にっけいきぎょう)}をfive(GO)society(しゃ)もVisit(Homon)^{（ほうもん）}しました. Five Japanese companies were visited.

~でしょ（う） ＜Confirmation, rhetorical question-Ⅰ＞

···right? Isn't it ···?

Noun/adjective + でしょ（う）, indicating confirming the authenticity of something with the other party or expressing a tone of doubt or speculation.

• Li Sanmo International StudentDeshiyo? Is Xiao Li also an international student?
• The tough side is a big dealDeshyo? Studying is more important, right?
• タバコをやめましょうよ.body(Karada)^{（からだ）}niEvil(わるい)^{（わるい）}Deshyo? Quit smoking. It's bad for your health, right?
  • やめる→stop めましょう, will form, quit it.

＜Purpose＞

In order to... In order to...

N (noun) + の + ため

V dictionary form + ため

Indicates the purpose or reason for someone to do something. It is usually followed by "に" to indicate the direction of the purpose or behavior.

The purpose is generally positive.

• Koko is an elementary school studentNo tameThis is a classroom for elementary school students.
• overseas(Kaigai)travel(Riyoko)No tameのタオルをbuy いました. Bought a towel for overseas travel.
• End of term(Kimatsu)Trial(Shiken)No tameReluctantPlan(Keikaku)をTest(Kangae)ます。 Think of a study plan to prepare for the final exam.
• Trialqualified(Goukaku)Surutameに reluctantly しています. Studying to pass the exam.
  • Qualified するために means purpose.
  • Reluctantlyする→ reluctantlyしている→ reluctantlyしています, I am studying.
• Meeting that girltameに駅に行きます. To see her, go to the station.
• Study Abroadtameに日本语を reluctant しています. Studying Japanese for studying abroad.
• Passed the testtameに reluctantly しています. Study to pass the exam.
  • Test 『に』 indicates a goal or object.···aspect.

~の（／ん）です. ＜Explanation-Ⅱ(verb)＞

It is for the sake of... Because...

Verb common form＋のです/んです, used for explanation and further supplement.

Generally, there are the following usage scenarios:

1. Explain why, answer and explain the other party’s questions.
2. Additional Notes, allowing the listener to better understand the current situation.
3. emphasize, emphasizing the legitimacy or inevitability of an action.
4. lateno de su. Because I was late.
   1. The answer here is: explain the reason
   1. 遅れる→遅れた, type II verb past tense.
5. Next week, travel to JapanNdesu. I'm going to Japan next week (so...).
   1. Here is: Supplementary explanation
6. Stop itNdesu. I don't want to give up.
   1. The point here is: emphasize
   1. やめる→stop めたい→stop めたくない, the negation of the will form, indicating that you don’t want to give up.

V ませんか. ＜Persuasion＞

Do you want to...? Can we... together?

V (ます-shaped) + ませんか, used to persuade or invite the other person to do something together.

Expressing it in a polite negative form appears to be more tactful and polite.

• Eat rice with a hint ofMasenka. Do you want to have dinner together?
• Next week(Raisyu)NosakuruActivity(Katsudo)Participate in all aspectsMasenka. Do you want to join us in the club activities next week?
• Tomorrow, movie を见に行きMasenka. Shall we go to the movies together tomorrow?
• ここでphotographyを偊ませんか. Do you want to take pictures here?

17 Simplified

Simplified verb form

The verbs in Japanese areRespectandSimplifiedThere are two forms. In verb sentences, the honorific form is mainly used in formal or polite situations, while the simplified form is used in casual or daily conversation.

Comparison table of four quadrants of the formal and simplified forms of verbs

example:

V る (verb dictionary form)

The dictionary form of verbs, also called the "Vru" form, is equivalent to the original form of the verb. It indicates the present and future tenses.

• Class I verbs (five-part verbs)：Ends with the 「う段」 sound.
• Second Class Verbs (One-Section Verbs): Ends with "る", and the previous sound is usually "い段" or "え段".
• Three types of verbs (irregular verbs): Including "する" and "来る（くる）".

Used to state facts, describe habits, express future actions, etc.:

• Every morning,Drink. Drink coffee every morning.
• Tomorrow, see you at the movieLine. Let’s go to the movies tomorrow.

For simple, casual statements:

• What is happening now?Suru? What to do now?

Combined with other syntax:

• Vる＋ことができる. to be able to do something.
• Vru＋とき。···hour.

V nai (verb impermanent form)

Don't do something. Don't let something happen. Don't...

The impermanent or negative form of a verb, used to express negation.

Class I verbs (five-part verbs)

"うdan" → "あdan" + "ない".

• Kaku → Book
• tatsu → stand

Special attention: "ある" becomes "ない", which means "no".

Second Class Verbs (One-Section Verbs)

Remove "る" and add "ない".

• Eat → Eat
• Miru → see

Three types of verbs (irregular verbs)

• する→しない
• くる→こない（来る→来ない）

• My weekend is at homeReturn. I'm not going home this weekend.
  • Return → Return
• Today's student is AmarriSports. Nowadays students don’t do much exercise.

The simplified form of "V ませんでした" is the past tense of "V ない", that is, "V なかった".

• Problem(Shiyukuda)There are many,last night(Sakura)、AmariSleeping. I had too much homework and didn’t sleep much last night.
• BilhaRefrigerator(Reizo)Library(Kura)niNakatataThere's nothing in the refrigerator.

Verb conjunct

···'s. ···'s time.

Same as the dictionary form of the verb. Used to modify nouns or act as an attributive in a sentence.

• Teaching(Jiyugiyo)^{（じゅぎょう）}のPre-learning(Yoshiyu)yaReview(Fukushiyu),Topic(Kada)をYaru Time. Time to prepare, review and complete homework before class.
  • を indicates the object of an action.
  • The subject is をやる, do your homework.
• tomorrowLineLocation(Basho)はどこですか. Where are you going tomorrow?
• In the rain,Flying(Hiko)Machine(ki)がFly(toba)naipossible(Kanou)sex(せい)があります. There is a possibility that the plane will not fly because of the rain.

N1 (cycle) and N2 (number) V <Frequency>

Every…(time)…several times.

N1 (period) + に + N2 (quantity) + V, indicating the frequency of an action or behavior.

• Three times a dayMedicine(Kusuri)みます. Take the medicine three times a day.
• two(ni)Gazuki(Kagetsu)nione(Ichi)Back(Kai)ぐらい影视を観る. Watch a movie once every two months.
• Once a yearChina へ帰る. We meet China once a year.

N1 についてのN2 ＜About＞

About…(noun 1)…(noun 2)…

N について means "about...". Jump to Lesson 15 for details.

N についての followed by a noun means "something about...".

• History of JapanNitsuhitano本を読みました. Read a book about Japanese history.
• healthy(Kenko)Nitsuhitanoopinion(Iken)を文かせてください. Please tell me what you think about health.
  • smell it → smell it → smell it → smell it.
• こちらは大学のライフスタイルにTsuki Te noAnket(ankēto)This is a questionnaire about the lifestyle of college students.
• このウェブサイトには、Lai Zhou’s oral testNitsuhitanoIntelligence(Jiyoho)There is no information about the oral exam next week on this website.
• Next weekEnd of term(Kimatsu)Trial(Shiken)なので、明日から経済学NitsuhitanoSince the final exam is next week, I will start reading a book on economics from tomorrow.

ほとんど（/あまり）V ない

Hardly... Not nearly... (not quite)...

HONDO + V NAI, emphasizing that an action hardly occurs, or the amount is extremely small, close to non-existent.

• Internate NetworkSNS isHotondoUtilize しません. Hardly use the internet or social media.
• Comics はときどき読みますが、アニメはHotondoI sometimes read comics, but I rarely watch anime.
  • "ときどき" means"Occasionally" or "from time to time" indicates that the action is not frequent.
  • 『が』 connects two sentences and means"but".
  • See you → See you.

Amari + V Nai, meaning "not very...", not too frequent or not many, and slightly weaker in tone than "ほとんど".

• EmelhaAmariMake it happen. Don’t use email much.
• Plum rain(Tsuyu)のSeason(Kisetsu)はAmariClear(はれ)ません. There are almost no sunny days during the rainy season.

N+particle+の N

The particle "の" is usually used to indicate a relationship of ownership or modification, that is, "···'s···".

"の" can also be connected with some particles with specific meanings (such as "で", "と", "から", "へ", "まで", etc.) to form "N+particle+の+N" structure.

「Nで」 indicates the place or means where an action or event takes place:

• SchoolBleakReluctantly → Schoolで の でStudying at school
• InternateBleakInvestigationする→インターネットで の でSurvey(Chiousa). Through Internet survey.

「N と」 indicates the common participants or relationship of an action:

• AUOとFood → FriendとのFood. A dinner with friends.
• HeとRelated →とのRelationship. Relationship with him.

「Nから」 indicates the starting point or source of an action:

• JapanKaraToilet paper(Tegami)Term(todoku)→JapanKaranoToilet paper. Letter from Japan.
• Kono StationKaraSee the scenery → This stationKaranoThe view. The view from this station.

"N へ" means direction or destination:

• Tokyo(toukiyo)へtravel(Riyoko)Suru → TokyoHeTravel. A trip to Tokyo.
• future(Mirayi)へhope(Kibo)をhold(Motsu)→FutureHeHope. Hope for the future.

「Nまで」 indicates the end of an action or the end of a time:

• Stationまでroad^（みち）Walk^{（あるく）}→StationまでのRoad. The way to the station.
• todayまでScheduled → TodayまでのSchedule. The plan up to today.

Note that there is no "NにのN". Replace it with "へ". "NへのN" means direction or goal.

• Raininfluence(Eikiyo)で、Foreign countriesKaranoTourism(Kanko)guest(Kiyaku)がReduce(Genshiyo)Due to the rain, the number of foreign tourists has decreased.
• DescendantsとのFood event will be held in the evening. It was a great pleasure to have dinner with my fellow students.
• Due to the influence of typhoons,Hongkong(Honcon)Heフライトはキャンセルになりました.
  • なる→なります→なりました.
  • Noun + に + なる means change.

N1 and N2 <List>

···Yeah···and so on. For example···and···etc.

N₁＋や＋N₂＋など, lists several of the nouns, but does not include all of them.

• BookyaMagazine(Zashi)na doを読みます. Read books, magazines, etc.
• RingoyaMikanna doのFruit(Kudamono)が好きです. Like apples, oranges and other fruits.
• mathyasciencena doReluctantly. Study math, science, and more.
• JapanyaSouth Koreana doの国を游したいです. I want to travel to Japan, South Korea and other countries.

18. Verbs of giving and receiving, continuous forms

あげる/くれる/もらう＜To give and receive verbs＞

In Japanese, "give" needs to be distinguished according to different subjects. This series of verbs is used to express the relationship of giving and receiving objects, and is called "giving and receiving verbs."

『あげる』

Give to others.₁Give item N to N₂.

N₁(Giver/わたし) + は + N₂(receiver) + に+ N (item) + を+ あげる, N₁Give items or help to N₂.

Usually it is I (the speaker) giving something to another person.

• (privateは)niFlowersAgemashita. (I) gave my girlfriend flowers.

But when N₁(Giver) and N₂When neither (recipient) is "I", there are two specific cases:

N₁ and N₂ The psychological distance between the speakers is the same.

• Tanaka-sanはSuzuki-sanniPresenceAgemashitaMr. Tanaka gave Mr. Suzuki a gift.

The speaker is psychologically inclined to N₁.

• Private sisterはAUOniHandmade^{（てつくり）}No KekiAgemashita. My sister gave the cake she made to her friend.

Note: When using "あげる", you need to consider the speaker's psychological tendency. If there is a significant difference in psychological distance, you may not be able to use "あげる".

In addition to "あげる", "やる" also means "to give", and its usage is basically the same as "あげる".

• flowerniwaterOyari Masu. Water the flowers.

『くれる』

To "me" or "we".₁Give item N to "me" or "us".

N1 (giver/わたし) + は+ N2 (receiver) + に+ N (item) + を+ あげる, the recipient is "I" or "we". The default recipient is "I".

• Heが(privateni) Toilet paper^{（てがみ）}をKuremashita. She gave me a letter.
• New Year^{（しょうがつ）}Grandfather^（そふ）がO-Nianyu^{（おとしだま）}を（Privateni）KuremashitaMy grandfather gave me lucky money during the Chinese New Year.

N₁ and N₂ Neither is "I", but the speaker is psychologically more inclined to N₂ hour:

• PresidentがsisterniFlowersKuremashita. The president sent flowers to my sister.

『もらう』

Get it from others.₁From N₂Item N is obtained there.

N₁(Receiver/わたし) + は + N₂(giver) + に/から+ N (item) + を+ もらう, the subject is the recipient, and 「から」 is used to emphasize the source. 「もらう」 means to get.

• (privateは)sisterniプレゼントのアドバイスをMorai MashitaI got the gift idea from my sister.
• PrivateはMr.Morai Mashita. We got advice from our teachers.
• (Private) Yuka-chanKaraCute HankachiMorai MashitaYuka gave me a very cute handkerchief.

N₁ and N₂ Neither is "I", but the speaker is psychologically more inclined to N₁.

• Nakamura-sanはLee-sanniDo you want to buy a new product?Morai MashitaKa. What did Xiao Li give Nakamura?

"いただく" is the honorific form of "もらう" and has the meaning of self-effacement.

• MinasanKaraSo-ha no プレゼントをたくさんIt's so cool. Received very nice gifts from everyone.
• MinisterniTimeIt's a good idea, ありがとうございます. Thank you to the Minister for his time (the Minister's time was accepted).

V-shaped + ta

I want to... want to do something.

V (ます形) + たい, expressing a desire or wanting to do something.

The conjugation of 「たい」 follows the rules for Type I adjectives.

• Work at an agencyta yiです。 I want to work in that company.
  • Present/future tense: V (ます-shaped) + たい
• Today is the day to go outtakunaiI don't feel like going out today.
  • Present/future tense negation: V (ます-shaped) + たくない
• TravelingTakataのですが, typhoon でやめました. I really wanted to go there, but I couldn’t go because of the typhoon.
  • Past tense: V (ます) + たかった
• Read thisTakunakata. I once didn’t want to read.
  • Past tense negation: V (ます) + たくなかった

When the verb isOther verbsWhen expressing a wish, the object is usually indicated by the particle "を". However, when using the "たい" form, the particle "が" can be used.

• Delicious food. Want to eat something delicious.

Generally speaking, "Vますshaped＋たいです" is used for the first person. It is more polite to use "V ますshaped + たがっています" to indirectly ask or describe the wishes of another person (usually in the third person).

• Tanaka さんはその本を読みIt's so niceKa. Mr. Tanaka, do you want to read that book?

~It's a good idea.

have no idea···.

Verb (simplified) + か分かりません. い adjective (simplified) + か分かりません. na adjective (simplified) + か分かりません. Noun (simplified) + か分かりません.

"～か分かりません" is used to express uncertainty or not knowing something.

• Shinkansen's cutter をどこでBUY うKawa Karima Sen. I don't know where to buy Shinkansen tickets.
• When^（Itsu）Rain is falling^（ふる）Kawa Karima Sen. I don’t know when the rain will fall.
• My food is deliciousKawa Karima Sen. I don’t know if this dish is delicious.
• That's the energyKawa Karima Sen. I don’t know if he is in good health.
• What is Nakamura-san's umbrella?^（どれ）Kawa Karima Sen. I don't know which one is Nakamura's umbrella.

Zutsu

Quantifier, adverb of degree + ずつ, indicating that an action is repeated in a certain amount.

• one person^{（ひとり）}ZutsuAnnouncement^{（はつげん）}Speak one by one.
• Japanese is less^{（すこし）}ZutsuGet started with になりました. My Japanese is getting better little by little.
• Mikan wo three per person^{（さんこ）}Zutsuあげます. Give three mandarins to one person.

N nisuru＜Select＞

Choose... Decide...

N + nisuru, which means to choose something from many options. It is often used in ordering food, shopping, etc.

• KohiNishimasuI choose coffee.
• Do no color^（いろ）がいいかわからなかったから、一色^{（Itsyoku）}ZutsuNishimashitaI didn't know which color was better, so I picked one of each.
• What is the daytime today?NishimashiyoKa. What are you eating for lunch today?

Adjective conjunctive form

For い-adjectives, the ending "い" is changed to "く" + a verb.

な-adjectives are formed by adding 「に」 + a verb to the stem.

"Adjective conjunctive form" refers to the form of an adjective followed by a verb (i.e. a verb).

That is, adjectives modify verbs.

• みなさんからのquestionにFriendlyANSWER^{（こたえます）}. Very enthusiastic to answer questions from everyone.
• O dish^{（おさら）}をBeautifulWash it^{（あらいました）}. I washed the dishes.
• MorningWalk^{（はしり）}ましょう. Come on and run.

~ので、~ ＜Causation-Ⅱ＞

Verb (Simplified Chinese) + のでい Adjective (Simplified Chinese) + のでな Adjective (Simplified Chinese) Remove 「だ」 + な + ので
Noun (simplified Chinese) remove 「だ」 + な+ ので

「ので」 is used to express causality, that is, to state the cause. It is more polite and gentle than 「から」.

• I have a headacheNode, early morning and early morning. Because I have a headache, I want to go home early.
• OverseasNode, participate in ができません. Because I am abroad, I cannot participate.
  • できる→できません.
• 発音があまり绮丽じゃないNode, たくさんpractice したいです. Because my pronunciation is not good, I want to practice more.
• ここは、日本人気のお店なNode、It's hard to make a reservation. This is a very popular store right now, so it's hard to make a reservation.

19. Verb te-form, ta-form

V て (verb second conjunctive form)

It can express the continuity of actions, causal relationships, requests, the progression of states, etc.

The te-form of the first-class verbs (five-part verbs)

Word endings are "う, つ, る" → become "って"
Word endings are "む, ぶ, ぬ" → become "んで"
Words ending with 「く」 → become「いて」
Words ending with 「ぐ」 → become「いで」
Words ending with 「す」 → become「して」

• tatsu → stand
• Read → Read
• Kaku → Book
• Swimming^{（およぐ）}→Swimming
• Talk → Talk

The te-form of the second-class verbs (a-part verbs)

Remove "る" and add "て"

• Eat → Eat
• Miru → see

The te-form of the three types of verbs (irregular verbs)

"する" → becomes "して"
「来る（くる）」 → becomes 「来て（きて）」

• する→して
• Reluctantly → Reluctantly
• Come → Come

V

The rules of variation of "V ta" andte-form of verbsame.

The ta-form of the first-class verbs (five-part verbs)

Word endings are "う, つ, る" → become "った"
Word endings are "む, ぶ, ぬ" → become "んだ"
Words ending with 「く」 → become「いた」
Words ending with 「ぐ」 → become「いだ」
Words ending with 「す」 → become「した」

The ta-form of the second-class verbs (seminal verbs)

Remove "る" and add "た".

The ta-form of the three types of verbs (irregular verbs)

• する→した
• Kuru → Kita

• kanji の読み方を间violiた^{（Machigaeta）}. I got the pronunciation of the Chinese characters wrong.
• Suzuki's Suzuki Suzuki^{（Otoshita）}Mr. Suzuki left his cell phone somewhere.
• AchikochiExplore^{（さがした）}が、见つからなかった. I looked everywhere but couldn't find it.

V て, V て, V ます. ＜The pause of the verb＞

···Then···, finally···.

V₁ て、V₂ て、V₃ Masu.Indicates a series of actions that occur in sequence or continue. Usually the last action uses the "ます" form to indicate the completion of the entire action sequence. Only the last place can reflect the tense.

• 3 o'clockGet up, reluctantly. Get up at 3 o'clock in the morning to study.
• I'm in TokyoGo, Tokyo タワーとスカイツリーを见たいです. I want to go to Tokyo and see Tokyo Tower and Skytree.
• towardsGet up、Face^（かお）をWash^{（あらって）}, Chao は ん を food べ ま す. Get up in the morning, wash your face, and have breakfast.
  • Wash → Wash.
• インターネットでinformationをAdjust, パワーポイントを作ります^{（つくります）}. Find information online and make PPT.
  • Adjust → Adjust.
  • Made → Made.
• By trainride^{（のって）}、Station^（Tsute）, AUO will do the same. Take the tram, arrive at the station, and meet your friends.
  • Take a ride → Take a ride.
  • Wear → Wear it.
• Wild vegetablesCut it^{（きって）}, Pot^（なべ）I'm in^（It's）, Cook^{（にます）}.Chop the vegetables, put them in the pot, and cook.
  • Cut → Cut.
  • 入れる→入れて. To put something into a place, a paraphrase (requires external force).
  • 入る→入って. To go in by oneself, intransitive verb (action that occurs spontaneously).
  • Cook → Cook.

V てください. ＜Request＞

Please... (do something).

V (て形) + ください, which means to ask the other person to do something. It can be used in daily conversations, service places, and communication with superiors and elders.

• I'm tired today.ゆっくりDon't restYou've worked hard today. Please have a good rest.
  • Hugh む → Hugh んで, "て-shaped". Hugh む→Hugh みます.
• Phone numberTeach^{（おしえて）}Kudasai. Please tell me your phone number.
  • 教える→教えて, to teach, teach, teach.
• Tomorrow at 10:30Come onPlease arrive at 10:30 tomorrow.
  • Kuru → Kite.
• This is a Chinese product.^{（おみやげ）}です。 どうぞ、Eat itThis is a specialty of China. Please enjoy it.

~つもりだ. ＜Plan＞

(I) intend to... plan...

Affirmative form: V る+ つもりだ
Negative form: V ない+ つもりだ

The speaker intends to do something or not to do something.

• Summer vacation^{（なつやすみ）}The Noble Award^{（しょう）}Award-winning works^{(じゅしょうさくひん)}Read itTsumori desu. I plan to read some Nobel Prize-winning works this summer.
• Asukara Sake^{（おさけ）}OyameruTsumori desu. I plan to stop drinking starting tomorrow.
  • 止める, a paraphrase verb (transitive verb), requires an object (i.e., the stop is actively controlled by an external force).
    • Official affairs are official.おwine をstop める.タバコを之める.
  • Yamu, a five-part verb (intransitive), does not require an object (it is a naturally occurring stop, not controlled by external forces).
    • The rain has stopped. The wind stops.
• ジョージさん、レポートは何について书くTsumori desuKa. George, what are you going to write a report on?
• Today is the day to go outTsumori desuI plan not to go out today.
  • 出かける→出かけない, an automatic word that does not require the object to complete the action.
• Mo once^{（It’s so nice）}Accept the test^{（うけない）}Tsumorida. I don't plan to take the test again.
  • Receive ける→Receive けない, suffer, accept, test the negation.

~Scheduled^{（よてい）}＜Plan＞

Verb continuation: V る+ predetermined だ, used to express planning to do something.
Noun continuation: N + の+ predetermined だ, indicating the scheduled plan for an event or matter.

It is more formal and objective than 「〜つもりだ」 and is often used for arrangements or plans that have already been finalized.

• Next month, I will go to JapanIt is scheduled. I plan to go to Japan next month.
• Tomorrow, the meeting beginsScheduled. A meeting is planned for tomorrow.
• 李さんはジョージさんとIzu and Murakami Natsuki’s lectures were attended by するIt is scheduledXiao Li and George plan to go to listen to Mr. Natsuki Murakami's speech together.
• This week's Saturday^{（どようび）}, Kabuki^{（かぶき）}See you thereIt is scheduledThis Saturday, I plan to go see a Kabuki show.
• Tomorrow is the plane at 6:00 am^{（ひこうき）}ni rideIt is scheduledI'm going to take a flight at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
• This time, the two weeks of this timeIt is scheduledThe project is expected to be completed in two weeks.
• PartialIt is scheduled. Plan a party.

~ middle

"middle^{（ちゅう）}" is often used after a Chinese word with an action meaning to indicate that the action is in progress. For example, "会会议中^{（かいぎちゅう）}", " "Reluctantly^{(べんきょうちゅう)}"、" in the official career^{（しごとちゅう）}”、”Business^{(えいぎょうちゅう)}"、"Moving^{（It's so nice）}"、"Preparing^{（じゅんびちゅう）}" wait.

• In meetingNi, the evil spirit^{（おじゃま）}してすみません. The meeting is in progress, sorry to interrupt.
  • The evil devil is interrupting.
• NeighborUnder construction^{（こうじちゅう）}で、とてもうるさいです. There is construction going on next door and it's very noisy.
  • 『で』 indicates a connection of cause or state, similar to“Because of the state of…”

２０ Japanese body

Aspects of Japanese verbs and their polite and simplified forms

The aspect of a verb is used to expressThe state of action. Aspect expression includes the states of duration, completion and negation of verbs.

Based on "V ている", other verb body forms can be formed, such as "V ていない" (negative form), "V ていた" (past continuous) and "V ていなかった" (past negative).

Respect: "Vています." 』,『Vていません』,『Vていました』,『Vていませんでした』.

V ている＜Continuation of action (V ている-Ⅰ)＞

In the process of...

Used to describe an action that is currently happening (dynamic verb).

• Walk^（Aruite）Iru. Eating.
• What is happening now?ShiteimasuKa. What are you doing now?
• Piano弾いています. I am playing the piano.
• 実は、private problemについて、ちょうどI'm going toんですよ. Ichiro Kao Kaori. In fact, I am also thinking about this issue. Let's think about it together.
• Today, Fortune^{（うんてん）}Let's listen to musicI heard it. I am now driving and listening to music.

V ている＜The continuation of the result（V ている–Ⅱ）＞

Indicates the continuation of a state (static verb), used to describe the continuation of a certain state, that is, the action has been completed, but the state remains unchanged.

• Getting married.Married.
• outside^（そと）It's dark^{（くらく）}Nattaiimasu. It's getting dark.
• Glass window^（まど）Cut it^{（われて）}Imasu. The glass window was broken.

V ている＜Habitual behavior（V ている−Ⅲ）＞

Indicates repetitive or habitual actions.

• Every morning,Shiteiru. Go running every morning.
• OriginalRead it. Read books often.
  • Yoku, often.
• My younger brother, University of the ArtsYatteimasu. My brother is a reporter in a club at university.
• Today, パリでフランス菜をI'm so tired. Now I am studying French cuisine in Paris.
  • 学う → 学って → 学っている → 学っています.
• He and every weekI will. Meet with him every week.
  • 会う→会って→会っています.

（まだ）V ていない

Not yet... Not yet...

まだ+ V ていない (Simplified) まだ+ V ていません (Respectful)

Indicates that an action has not yet occurred or is not yet completed.

The honorific form is often used to answer questions such as "もうV ましたか." (Has it already been completed?) when asking whether a certain action has been completed.

• A: Lecture^{（こうえんかい）}It's the beginning of the story. Has the Toastmasters started?
  B：まだIt's so niceよ. Urgent^{（It’s so good）}でください. It hasn't started yet. Hurry up.
  • Hajime → Hajime, automatic word, the beginning of things, activities, events, etc.
  • Initial める→Initial めて, other verb, take the initiative to goTo “start” something.
• A: The director’s phone number is Mr. Have you called the minister?
  B：It's okay, it's okayShiteimasen.not yet.
• Thesis^{（ろんぶん）}The time is hereDecide^{（きめて）}Ima SenThe title of the paper has not yet been decided.
• The problemshi te na yi. I haven't done my homework yet.
• That's itI'm back. He hasn't come back yet.

V る前（に） ＜before…＞

Before...

Vru (verb basic form/dictionary form) + 前 (に), before doing something. Usually indicates that another action needs to be completed before the main action occurs.

• About FoodBefore, wash your hands^{（あらい）}ましょう. Before eating, wash your hands.
• SleepingBefore, 本を読みます. Read before going to bed.
• De KakeruBefore, key^（かぎ）Confirm^{（かくにん）}してください. Please confirm your key before going out.
• Answer your questionBefore, ちゃんと卡えてください. Please think carefully before answering this question.

V てから＜…After＞

···Afterwards. ···Afterwards.

V (verb te form) + kara, indicating the sequence of actions, that is, after completing a certain action, proceed to the next action.

• Eat in the morningTekara, Official affairs are carried out. Go to work after breakfast.
• mouth^（くち）Check out the Comic InformationShitekara,commodity^{（しょうひん）}をbuy います. Check online word-of-mouth reviews before purchasing the product.
• Wash your handsTekara, 食べてください. Please wash your hands before eating.
• Japanese Furo^{（おふろ）}It is the body^{（からだ）}WashTekaraWhen taking a bath in Japan, you wash your body first before entering the bath.
  • "日本で", in Japan.
  • "お风流に入る" means entering the bath, that is, taking a bath.
• Report to your bossTekara, レポートを书きます. After reporting to the leader, write the report.

(Third person) V たがる/N をほしがる

(A third party) wants to do something. / (A third party) wants something.

Third person + V (verb form) + たがる, indicating that the third person "wants to do something".

「-たがる」 is a derived verb form of 「-たい」, which is used exclusively for the third person. It should be noted that in the 「V たがる」 structure, the object of the verb needs to be indicated by 「を」, and cannot be changed to 「が」.

Moreover, the て form of 「たがる」 is commonly used by Japanese people, which is 「たがる→たがっています」.

• See you in the movieIt's so nice. He wants to watch a movie.
  • 见る → 见 (ます) → 见たがる → 见たがっています, indicating a continuous state of continuing to want to see.
• The younger brother is the new one.It's so nice. My younger brother wants to buy a new camera.
  • Buy う→Buy い（ます）→Buy いたがる→Buy いたがっています.

Third person + N (noun) + をほしがる, used to express the third person "wanting something".

• My younger brother is a new cameraI really want it. My younger brother wants a new camera.
• ジョージさんは Mr. Natsuki MurakamiI want it. George wants Natsuki Murakami's autograph.
• AUO's Backpackをdesire しがっていました. A friend wants this bag.

N が see え る

visible···.

N (noun) + が見える, meaning "to be able to see..." or "to be able to see...". Describes visually visible situations and is often used to express natural scenery, buildings, specific places, etc.VisibilityUnlike "N を見る" which means to take the initiative to see something, "N が見える" is more of a description.Nature in sightsituation.

• Kokokara Mt.FujiSee you. You can see Mt. Fuji from here.
• Window^（まど）Outside^（そと）Ni HaiSee you. You can see the sea from the window.
• Station Karasone BuildingSee you. The building can be seen from the station.
• A Soko no Akari^{（あかい）}Dashboard^(Kanban)がSee youか. Can you see the red sign over there?
• Tonight^{（こんや）}HASHINGがYokuSee. The stars can be seen clearly tonight.
• The outside of the house^{（きこえません）}It was very noisy outside, and I couldn't hear clearly what the teacher said.
  • うるさい→うるさくて, the reason for the connection is because it is noisy.
• Back^{（うしろ）}No square isI heardか
  • "Fang" means person and is often used politely to refer to people in a certain direction.
  • は Here it can convey a polite and clear tone of confirmation and inquiry.

21. Permission, prohibition or requirement

V ないでください. ＜Negative request (prohibited)＞

Please don't...

V (verb form) + でください, is the negative form of "V てください", usually used to euphemistically request others not to do something.

• ここではタバコを suck わない^{（Suwanai）}Dekudasai. Please do not smoke here.
• Danger, chair, chairClimb up^{（Noborana）}Dekudasai. Danger, please do not climb on the chair.
• PhotoI'm so happy. Please do not take photos.
• Teaching^{(じゅぎょうちゅう)}NiosiyaberiI'm so happy. Please don't talk during class.
  • おしゃべり, お chatter, chat, chat.
• night^（よる）Bleak^{（おそく）}帰らないでください. Please don't go home too late.
• ここにゴミを屋てない^{（すつない）}でください. Please don't throw rubbish here.
  • giving up てる→ giving up てない, not throwing away.舍つ(すつ) is the ancient form of 屋てる(すてる).

V てもいい＜Permission＞

Can I...?

V (verb form) + もいい, indicating permission or permission.

• Let's take a photoI want toYou can also take photos here.
  • 旋→旣て, photography, shooting.
• Windowopen^{（あけて）}Moi Ii desuKa. Can I open the window?
  • 开ける→开けて, another verb, open, push away, pull away.
  • 開く→開いて, an intransitive verb, means to be opened, to be opened, to start business, to start performance.
• My OriginalBorrow^{（かりて）}Moi Ii desuか. Can I borrow this book?
  • Borrow りる → Borrow りて, another verb, borrow money, borrow.
• 来weekのパーチィーに他女を连れて^{（tsurete）}Ki-te-mo-i-ide-suYo. You can bring your girlfriend to the party next week.
  • 连れて来る→ even れてきて, verb, bring (people).
• A: Kochira's information^{（しりょう）}をprint^{（Insatsu）}I'm a good manKa. Can I print this information?
  B: はい, a manly man. Yes, no problem.

V なくてもいい＜Not necessary＞

You don’t have to… You don’t have to…

V (verb form) + なくてもいい, meaning it is not necessary and allowing the other party not to do something.

• Return^{（かえさなく）}てもいいYou don’t have to pay it back.
  • Return to す→Return to さない→Return to さなくてもいい.
• The heavy one is tomorrow,holdってこなくてもいいですよ. Don't bring any heavy books tomorrow.
  • Hold つ→hold ってくる→hold ってこない, don’t bring it.
  • It doesn’t matter if you don’t bring it with you.
• Urgent^{（It’s so good）}ので、Today's decisionめなく^{（Kimenaku）}I'm so happyDon't worry, you don't need to decide today.
  • Urgent ぐ → Urgent ぎます → Urgent ぎません, don’t be in a hurry.
  • Decide める → Decide めない, not decide.
• material^{（しりょう）}It is proposed today^{（ていしゅつ）}I'm so happyThe information does not have to be submitted immediately.
  • Today, now, immediately, immediately.
  • Propose する→Propose しない, propose, submit.

V てはいけない＜Prohibited＞

It is forbidden... You cannot...

V (verb form) + てはいけない, which means prohibiting or not allowing something to be done. It is suitable for conveying discipline, rules and regulations, or orders in the relationship between superiors and subordinates.

• Teaching^{(じゅぎょうちゅう)}NisumahoUse^{（つかって）}Haikemasen. The use of mobile phones is prohibited during class.
  • Makeう→makeって, other verbs, use and spend.
• The night^（よる）Bleak^{（おそく）}Inside and outsideI'm travelingよ. Friends are not allowed to hang out late at night.
  • 游ぶ→游んで→游んではいけない, automatic word, play, recreation, travel.
• 図书馆 Drinking and food machine^{（つくえ）}No^（うえ）Place it^（Oite）Haikemasen. In the library, drinks may not be placed on the tables.
  • Zhiく→Zhiいて, put down, set up.
• Food, food, library, and library.^{（Mochikonde）}Haikemasen. It is prohibited to bring food into the library.
  • Hold ち込む→hold ち込んで, another verb, bring in, take in.
• Cold Storage^{（れいぞうこ）}No^（なか）No KekiEat itよ. You can’t eat cakes in the refrigerator.
  • Eat → Eat.

V なければならない＜Had to, obligation＞

Must... Have to...

V (verb form) + なければならない, emphasizing the necessity or obligation of a certain behavior.

If not + prohibited = have to, obligation, must

It's like this + it's like this
Nakute wa + ikenai
Nakerezawa + Nara Nai
Nakerezha + Ikenai
なくちゃ (spoken) + ならない
なくちゃ（spoken）＋いけない
なきゃ (spoken) + ならない
なきゃ（spoken）＋いけない

• Every day, I strive to learn JapaneseIt's so good. You must study Japanese every day.
• The career is overNakute wa ike nai. The work must be done.
  • Endingわる→Endingわらせる, means"To bring something to an end" or "to complete something".
• Submitted by Tomorrow TomorrowShinakura. The report must be submitted by tomorrow.
  • 「なくちゃ」 is a colloquial form.
• The story of the son's offering^（せわ）It's so good. The children must be taken care of.
  • Worldly words, introduction, help, care.
• Japan is the last^{（うしろ）}Seat^{（ざせき）}もシートベルトをdiめ^（Shime）NakerebaikemasenIn Japan, seat belts are also required in the back seats of cars.
  • It must be fastened.
• Japanese House^{（It’s okay）}When entering, bootsTake it off.
  • Take off ぐ → take off が (ない) → take off がなければいけない, must take off.
• The end of the official career^{（ざんぎょう）}It's so goodAlthough it is a rare holiday, I have to work overtime because I haven't finished my work.
  • せっかく, adverb, hard, special, rare.
  • Ending → Ending, there is no end, no completion.

V ることができる＜Can＞

Can... can...

V-shaped + ことができる, meaning "can" or "can".
ことができる→ことができない means "cannot" or "cannot".

• In the language ofLet's talkKa. Do you speak German?
• レポートを书いたので、明日みんなにreport^{（ほうこく）}Surukoto ga dekimasu. Because I have written the report, I can report it to everyone tomorrow.
• Private swimming^（Oyogu）Kotogadekiru. I can swim.
• Let's take a photoI'm so happyYou can take photos here.
• おかげさまで、无事にすることができましたThanks to you, I was able to be discharged safely from the hospital.

N だけ+particle＜limited＞

Only... Only...

N＋だけ＋で、に、は、を、が, etc. When "だけ" is followed by "を" or "が", these two particles can usually be omitted. It emphasizes that it is limited to a certain object or range.

da ke de: Indicates that a certain condition alone is sufficient. “Only…”

• Koreda ke deThat's enough.
• Japanese subtitlesda ke deJapanese children only use hiragana to write their compositions.

Dakeni: Indicates the reason or background, emphasizing "just because...so..."

• He lives in JapanDakeni、Japanese is good. He has lived in Japan, so his Japanese is very good.

Dakeha: Emphasizes the limited object.

• KoreDakehaやめてください. This must not be done.
• anataniDakehaThis is the word that should be spoken^{（It’s so nice）}. Only tell you the truth.

da ke wo: It means it is limited to specific objects.を Often omitted.

• Konomotoda ke wo読みました. Just read this book.
  • Here"を" can be omitted

２２Tense meaning

V ru/V ta shi (ni)

When...

Verb dictionary form (V る) + 時
Verb ta form (V ta) + tense

They are used to describe the time points when an action has not yet occurred or is in progress and when an action has been completed.

• HomeWhen you come, Umbrella holding っていきます. Take an umbrella with you when you go out.
• HomeWhen you come, the rain is falling and the rain is falling. It was raining when I went out.
• StationWhen wearing, phone number をしてきださい. Please call when you arrive.
• StationWhen wearing, phone number をもらいました. I received a call when I arrived.
• When you are reluctant, quiet place^{（ばしょ）}を探します. Find a quiet place while studying.
  • Tanす→ Tanします, find, search.
• When you are reluctant, AUO's hand 伝ってくれました. My friends helped me while I was studying.
  • 手伝う→ 手伝って, help.
• Visiting a Friend's HouseWhen traveling、Local Products^{（おみやげ）}I bought some souvenirs when I was going to visit my friend's house.
• Visiting a Friend's HouseWhen traveling. When we went to a friend's house to play, we all made dumplings together.

V たことがある＜Experience＞

(once)…

V (verb form) + ことがある, indicating that one has had a certain experience, equivalent to "once...been...been..."
V(Verb form) + ことがない, negative form, indicating that a certain experience has not been had.

Used to describe a person's past experiences, usually referring to having done something before or having had this experience before a certain time.

• Japan行ったことがあります. Been to Japan.
• American行ったことがありません. Never been to the United States.
• A person is, sure in front of会ったことがありますI think I have seen that person before.
• Japanese Kabuki^{（かぶき）}を见たことがありません. I haven't seen kabuki in Japan.
• physical education^{（たいいく）}Teaching^{（じゅぎょう）}Don't blame me^（けが）をしたことがありますか. Have you ever been injured in gym class?
• Clothing^{（きもの）}をWear^（きた）Kotoga Arimasuka. Have you ever worn a kimono?

Mainly used to describeA long time agoorExperiences I've had, don't use this sentence pattern for things that happened recently.

• (❌) private は, yesterday, おsushi を食べたことがあります.
• (✅) private は, yesterday, first めておsushiを食べました. I had sushi for the first time yesterday.

V る/V ないことがある＜Sometimes, occasionally＞

Sometimes... Occasionally...

Sometimes no. Occasionally no.

V Rukotogaru: means "sometimes..." or "occasionally..."
V Nai Kotogaru: Indicates "sometimes not..." or "occasionally not..."

• Morning食べないことがあります. Sometimes I skip breakfast.
• Weekend Friends出かけることがあります. Sometimes I go out with friends on weekends.
• I am busy with my official duties, and I am busy with official duties.Narukoto ga ArimasuSometimes I get home late because I am busy with work.
  • It's getting late.
• The weather is bad^{（わるくて）}, try^{（しあい）}がDiscontinued^{（ちゅうし）}niNarukoto ga Arimasu.
  • 悪い→ 悪くて, the て shape of 悪い, expresses cause or reason, equivalent to"because……".
• Izumo Sleep^（ねる）Former bathhouse^{（あびます）}きてからシャワーをBath びることもありますI always take a shower before going to bed, and sometimes I take a shower in the morning when I get up.
  • Bathびる→ Bathびます, pour, shower, shine.
• Plum rain^（つゆ）Season^{（きせつ）}では、One week もharu ない^{（はれない）}KotogaaruDuring the rainy season, there may be no sunny days for a week.
  • では, indicates scope and place.
  • 清れる→ 清れない, the negative of clearing.
• Brother and Naka^（なか）I'm so happy,Noise^{（けんか）}することもありますよMy brother and I have a good relationship, but we sometimes quarrel.
• Koko's region^{（ちいき）}は、It rains for more than half a yearI'm coming downIn this area, there is also a period of more than half a year without rain.

V-shaped + square

The method of doing...

V (verb form minus "ます") + square (かた), meaning "the method of" or "the way of..."

• パソコンの使い方. How to use computers.
• Learn^（Manabi）squareについての本を探しています. I'm looking for a book about learning methods.
  • 学ぶ→ 学びます, learn and experience.
• Ko no AppliUse theがよくわかりません. I don't quite understand this How to use the app.
• Ding Ning^{（ていねい）}naTalkingがとても大事です. Polite way of speaking is very important.

N ga suru

There is a taste/sound/smell of...

N (noun) + がする, expresses a sensory experience that is the result of natural perception rather than active perception.

sound^（おと）がする (the sound of a certain environment or object), sound^（こえ）がする (someone’s voice), 匂い^{（におい）}がする (to give off a certain smell), taste^（あじ）がする(having a certain smell), smelly^{（くさい）}がする (smell something strange). . .

• Yokonoya HouseNiagashita. There was a very nice smell coming from the bakery next door.
• Lemon is sour^{（すっぱい）}taste^（あじ）Gashimasu. Lemon tastes very sour.
• スタバからいつもコーヒーのいいXiang^{（かおり）}Gashimasu. Starbucks always exudes the aroma of coffee.

N (place) を＜ Starting point, passing through＞

N (place) + を + intransitive verb, which means starting from a certain place or moving along a certain path.

• StationをCome. Leave the station.
• TrainをFall^{（おりる）}. Get off the tram.
  • 降る (ふる), an intransitive verb, refers to the descent of something in nature and is usually used for the descent of natural phenomena such as rain and snow.
  • 下りる（おりる）, automatic word, expresses"Move from a higher place to a lower place" or "Get off a vehicle."
  • 降ろす (おろす), a passivist verb, means to get a person or object down from a height or vehicle; it can also mean to unload items.
• Bridge^（はし）をWatari^{（わたる）}. Cross the bridge.
• Park^{（こうえん）}をTongru^{（とおる）}. Passing by the park.
• roadをHoku^{（あるく）}. Walk along the road.
• Sichuan^（かわ）をSwimming^{（およぐ）}. Swim in the river.
• あの人気のケーキ屋さんは駅をThat popular cake shop is right outside the station.
  • "を出て" means“coming out of” or “after coming out of”.
  • "Sugu" means"Right away, immediately."
• Intersection point^{（こうさてん）}をright^（みぎ）It's a song^{（まがって）}ください.コンビニはLeft hand^{（ひだりて）}にあります. Turn right at the intersection. The convenience store is on the left.
  • 曲がる→ 曲がって, intransitive verb, bend, bend naturally or the subject (such as a person) turns on its own without the need for external force.
  • 曲げる→ 曲げて, a participle verb, means to bend an object by external force.
    • WristSongください. Bend your arms.
• HongkongをReason^{（けいゆ）}してオーストリアに行く. Travel to Australia via Hong Kong.

～でしょう＜ Speculation＞

Maybe. Probably. Maybe.

Verb (V simplified) + でしょう
Ⅰ Adjective-like (simplified) + でしょう
Ⅱ Adjective-like (stem) + でしょう (remove 「だ」 and directly connect 「でしょう」)
Noun (N) + でしょう (remove "だ" and directly connect "でしょう")

Indicates speculation or possibility. The tone carries a certain degree of uncertainty, but is based on certain information or judgment. This sentence pattern can also be used to ask questions, with the meaning of confirmation or inquiry. The simplified form is "だろう".

• It will rain tomorrowI'm going down. It might rain tomorrow.
• Tomorrow isIt's raining. It will rain tomorrow.
• Today isIt's cold. It should be very cold today.
• Two relatives^{（ごりょうしん）}Let's get married^{（けっこん）}をCounterattack^{（はんたい）}Suru de syo. Your parents will also oppose your marriage.
• Today^{（Ima Goro）}It's like homeWear itWe should have arrived at the hotel by now.
  • 出く→出いて→出いている means that you have arrived and are in that state.
  • でしょう→だろう, simplified, expressing speculation or uncertainty.

～ 间、～＜ During…,…＞

During the period of..., (always)...

Noun + の + 间: Indicates within a certain period of time or period
V ている+ room: Indicates in action or stateDurationWhat happens inside

• Summer vacationNo, ずっとアメリカを游していました. I have been traveling in the United States all summer.
• Make a meal with your mother^{（Tsukute）}Iru-ken, private and private. When my mother was cooking, I was always there to help.
• BusWaiting Room, ずっとスマホを见ていました. While waiting for the bus, I kept looking at my phone.
• To receive instruction^{（うけて）}It's a room, a mobile phone, and a mobile phone.
  • 受ける→受けて, a paraphrase, means to participate in or accept, indicating active participation in or acceptance of an action.
    • Operation^{（しゅじゅつ）}をReceive ける. Take the exam.
  • 受かる→受かって, an intransitive verb, means to pass or be admitted, indicating successfully passing a process.
    • Try to accept it. Pass the exam.
  • Make it → Make it possible to use something.

かな＜ modal particle＞

Is it...? I was thinking... Right?

Verbs and adjectives: Use simplified sentences with 「かな」
Noun: Directly connected to 「かな」

A soliloquy expressing a slight exclamation or uncertainty. It is often used in soliloquy or in situations with speculation, indicating the speaker's uncertainty or hesitation about something.

• かなりきつい事なので、あの人は人でできるKananaThis is very hard work, can he do it alone?
  • Kari, it's very hard.
  • Kitsuyi means hard, severe, difficult.
• Moosorosoro^{（むこう）}NizakukoroKanana.
  • 向こう, noun, meaning"Across", "the other side", or "in front" are used to refer to another direction or somewhere far away.
  • Koro, time, period.

２３ Verbs of giving and receiving as auxiliary verbs

〜ても

Even if..., also... Even if..., also...

Verb: V-shaped + も
ⅠClass adjective: adjective (いadjective goes to 「い」 + く) + ても
ⅡQuasi-adjective: adjective (なadjective stem) + でも
Noun: noun + でも

expressEven in some cases, the result does not change, is often used to express a firm result or state, that is, no matter what the conditions are, the result remains the same.

• It's rainingtemo, try the combination of the line われます. Even if it rains, the game will go on as normal.
  • Line^{（おこなう）}→ Go^{（おこなわれる）}, he verb passive, indicating an activity or event"To be held" or "to be conducted".
  • Line^（いく）→ Go to^{（It’s so nice）}, intransitive verb, descriptionThe action of "going" somewhere.

N (time point) までに＜Period＞

（before）···.

Noun + までに：Indicates before the time point of the noun.
Verb dictionary form + までに: Indicates before the action or event occurs.

It indicates a deadline or time limit, emphasizes the time limit, and requires the action to be completed before the specified time point.

• night^（よる）Ten o'clockMay帰ります. Will go home before 10pm.
• Meetings are held all year roundMayIt ends. The meeting should have ended before 4 o'clock.
  • 遅い→遅くて, the て form of the adjective, means"Because it's late" or "Because it's slow".
  • "だろう" is the simplified form of "でしょう", with the verb "る" in front.
• Graduated from university^{（そつぎょう）}SuruMay, employment first^{(しゅうしょくさき)}I want to find a job before I graduate from university.
• Thirty-five years oldMayGetting married means thinking about it. I want to get married before 35 years old.
• The plane is taking offMayHave something in stock^{（あずけます）}. Your luggage will be checked in before the flight.
  • Preliminary → Preliminary けます, other verbs, entrust, deposit, entrust.
• Customers are comingMayClean the room^{（そうじ）}しておきます. Rooms will be cleaned before guests arrive.
  • Setく→おきます, put, configure, leave, control.

～と言う＜ Quote＞

『Quoted sentences　+ と+ 言う/hear く/answer える, used to quote the other party's original words, with a strong sense of objective description.
Simplified sentence + と+ 言う/hear く/answer える, converting the original words into simplified sentences with a more natural tone, suitable for use in daily conversations.

Used to quote someone else's words or express indirect quotation, indicating information heard or obtained.

• That person is "Come tomorrow"I'm talking to youHe said"Come tomorrow."
  • (Direct quotation, original words retained)
• He will come tomorrowI'm talking to you. He said he would come tomorrow.
  • (Indirect quotation, convert the content into simplified sentences)
• 李さんは Suzuki さんに『Environment^{（かんきょう）}と経済の性についてはいかがですか』I heard itXiao Li asked Suzuki:“How is writing about the environment relevant to the economy?”
• Lee's Suzuki's environmentI heard itXiao Li asked Suzuki how about writing about the correlation between environment and economy.
• Suzuki SuzukiI will answerSuzuki replied:"This is very good."
• Suzuki さんはそれはいいねI will answerSuzuki replied that it was very good.
• 李さんは『新しい会の人はみんなfriendlyです』I'm talking to youXiao Li said:"My colleagues in the new company are very enthusiastic."
• 李さんは新しい社の人はみんなkindだI'm talking to youXiao Li said that his colleagues in the new company are very enthusiastic.
• Koreha^{（むかし）}Kara-ti^{（からだ）}Ni Liang^（よい）I'm talking to youThis has long been considered good for the body.
  • 舊から, since ancient times.
  • 体に良い means good for your health.
  • Yan われています, the passive form of "Word う", is considered.
• 日本では、食事をする前に『いただきます』to sayIn Japan, before eating, one says:"I'm starting."
• Sato-san is tomorrow's baseball^{（やきゅう）}Trial^{（しあい）}gaaruI'm talking to you. Sato said he has a baseball game tomorrow.

〜と思う

(I) think that . (I) feel that . (I) think that .

Simplified Chinese Sentences + と思う, used to express one's own thoughts, opinions or speculations. The particle "と" is used to indicate the content of the thought and to indicate the object of "思う". It is mainly used in the first person, that is, to express one's own subjective judgment or opinion. Generally, direct quotations are not used, so the content before "と" should be expressed in simplified form. Regardless of the tone of the sentence, the content before "と" must be expressed in simplified form.

• SorehahiI think I'mI think that's pretty good.
• He will come tomorrowI think I'm. I think he will come tomorrow.
• The day after tomorrow^{（こうてん）}It's rainingand thought. I don't think it will rain the day after tomorrow.
• Next year, I will go to JapanI thought I was. I'm planning to go to Japan next year.
• I'm trying my bestUtoshi. I plan to study harder.
  • 勉強する → 勉強しよう, will form, expresses the speaker's subjective intention or determination, equivalent to"Going to...", "Planning to..."
• His words^{（はつげん）}はちょっとDiscourteousだったI think I'm. I thought his remarks were a bit disrespectful.
  • Sorry, something happened in the past"Disrespectful."
• そのやり方は efficientI think I'm. I don't think that approach is efficient enough.
  • Yarikata, that kind of approach.
  • では, means"in terms of efficiency" or "as far as efficiency is concerned".

〜かもしれない

Maybe... Probably...

Verb simplified form + かもしれない
いAdjective simplified form + かもしれない
na-adjective stem da + Kamoshirena
Noun N (simplified form removes "だ") + かもしれない

This tone indicates that the speaker is not completely sure about a situation, but thinks it is possible. It is more uncertain than 「〜でしょう」 and carries a sense of speculation.

• It will rain tomorrowKamoshirenai. It might rain tomorrow.
• My cuisine is delicious^{（からい）}Kamoshirenai. This dish can be spicy.
• Cold sun, wind evilI'm so happyThe cold weather continues, and I may have a cold.
  • zuku^{（つずく）} → 続いて→ 続いている→ 続いていて.
• The Shinkansen at half past nineKamoshirenaiから、hurry ぎましょう. Maybe we can catch the 9:30 Shinkansen, so let's hurry up.
  • 间に合う→ 间に合います. Between に合う→ 间に合って.
  • Urgent^{（It’s so good）} → Urgent ぎます→ Urgent ぎましょう.
• Yumei Nakaisha's に千めているけど, feeding materials^{（きゅうりょう）}He^（ほか）The company is small^{（すくない）}KamoshirenaiAlthough I work for a well-known company, the salary may be less than that of other companies.
  • Qinめる→ Qinめて, work, do things, hold office, the form of ている expresses a continuous state.
  • けど, which means transition, is equivalent to"But" or "Nevertheless".

〜后（で）、〜

···after,···.

Past tense of verb (V た) + after (で): Indicates after an action is completed.
Noun + の + 后（で）: Indicates after a certain point in time or event.

• Less practiceAfter、Preview^{（はっぴょう）}After practicing for a while, I will show it to everyone.
• アニメを见た后で、お风鲁^{（おふろ）}に入ります. Take a shower after watching cartoons.
• Confirm the mailAfter、Reply^{（へんしん）}しました. I responded immediately after confirming the email.

N しかV ない＜ Limited ＞

Only. Only.

N + しか + V (negative form) means "only..." or "merely...", emphasizing the small quantity or limited scope.Although the verb is in negative form, the meaning of the sentence is positive., emphasizing small quantity or limited scope.

• Wealth^{（さいふ）}1,000 yenShikaありません. There was only one thousand yen in my wallet.
• Today is a timeShikaReluctantly. I only studied for an hour today.
• The bus is at 8 o'clock in the morningShikaThe bus only comes at 8 am.
  • Kuru → Konai.
• Drinking waterShikaThe remaining ones are the same. The only drink left was water.
  • Remains^{（のこる）} → residual って→ residual っている→ residual っていない, the state without residual exists.
• Cold Storage^{（れいぞうこ）}It's an egg^{（たまご）}ShikaEnter the っていない. There are only eggs in the refrigerator.
  • Enter る→ Enter って→ Enter っている→ ないっていない, nothing else is in it.

N₁ Dakedenaku N₂ も

More than...₁···，···N₂(also)... Not only..., but also...

N₁ + Dakedenaku + N₂ + も, indicating that it is not limited to N₁, and N₂It can be used to describe multiple aspects of objects, people, characteristics, etc. It is also suitable for use in sentences that need to emphasize the expansion of the scope.

• That is JapaneseDakedenaku, Chineseも話せます。 He can speak not only Japanese, but also Chinese.
  • 話す→ 話せる, possible form, participle verb, to be able to say, indicating the ability to speak or use a certain language.
• Kanji is ChineseDakedenaku,Japaneseも使います。 Kanji is not only used by Chinese people, but also by Japanese people.
• ジブリのアニメーション影视はストーリーDakedenaku, MusicもGhibli's animation films are not only about the storyline, but also about the music.
• このカフェはコーヒーDakedenaku, black tea^{（こうちゃ）}もDelicious! This cafe not only has good coffee, but also good tea.
  • Cafe, coffee shop.
• This is the content^{（ないよう）}Dakedenaku, Paper^{（ひょうし）}もThis book is not only good in content, but also has a beautiful cover.
• WeekendDakedenakuWeekdays^{（へいじつ）}も徶业しています. Not only open on weekends, but also on weekdays.
• Travel is springDakedenaku,AutumnもTraveling is not only suitable in spring, but also in autumn.
  • 楽しむ→ 楽しみます, a paraphrase, means to enjoy or look forward to something. It is used to express the pleasure of something.
  • 楽しむ→ 楽しめる, becomes the possible form, an intransitive verb. It indicates the conditions or ability to enjoy something.
  • 楽しめる→ 楽しめます.
• That is DesireDakedenaku、Project Ramingもできます. Not only can he design, but he can also program.
• This company is domestic^{（こくない）}Dakedenaku、OverseasもThis company has branches not only in China but also overseas.

V てあげる/くれる/もらう

『あげる/くれる/もらう＜Giving and receiving verb＞』 is the acceptance of objects, and the grammar in this section emphasizesGiving and receiving actions.

『V てあげる

I do something for someone else.

N1 (I/giver)はN2 (receiver)にV てあげる, it expresses help to others with a sense of favor, so it should be avoided in formal occasions or to people you are not close to.

• Tourists^{（かんこうきゃく）}Teach the Waytaegemasu. Give directions to tourists.
  • おしえる→ 教えて, to teach, to teach.
• He's a sisterta ge ta. He helped his sister with her homework.
  • The giver and receiver of the action are people who are psychologically close to each other.
• Yuka's delicious Chinese cuisineta ge ma shi taYujia cooked delicious Chinese food for the classmates.
  • To make → To make.
• Holding the lotustaegemashyoka. Can I help you with your luggage?
  • In this case, it is more polite to use "V ましょうか".

『V Tekureru

Someone else does something for me.

N1 (giver)はN2 (me/receiver)にV てくれる, to express that someone else does something for you (or someone on your side), the recipient (usually "I") uses "に" as a prompt, but "私に" can be omitted.

• Japanese friend Da's composition is straighttekure mashita. My Japanese friend helped me revise my composition.
  • Naosu^{（なおす）} → Naoして, correction, revision, restoration.
• Mother is a private parenttekure mashita. My mother raised me alone.
  • Nurture^{（そだてる）} → 育てて, paraphrase, to cultivate, to raise, to nurture, to express“To make something grow” or “to cultivate”.
    • Subordinates^（ぶか）をeducation てる. Train your subordinates.
    • To grow flowers. To plant flowers.
  • 育つ→育って, intransitive verb, growth, development, refers to living things or things"Grow your own".
    • Wood^（き）Trees grow.
    • Metropolis^{（とかい）}でeducation. grew up in the city.
• The two relatives were introduced to the^{（ひっこし）}The hand of the mastertekurete. My parents helped me move, which was really helpful.
  • Hikikokoshi no hand伝い, noun, help with moving.
  • する→ して＋ くれる→ してくれて.
  • 助かる→ 助かります, an intransitive verb, means to be saved, to benefit, to feel greatly helped, indicating that someone or something has been helped.
    • He's a good helper. Really helped a lot.
  • 助ける→ 助けます, a third verb, means to help or rescue, indicating taking the initiative to help or rescue others.
    • I'm trapped^{（こまっている）}人をhelpけるのは大刀です. It is important to help people in need.
      • stranded → stranded っている, a person who is in difficulty.
• A collection of information about her official careertekuretaおかげで、Preparationが楽になりました. Thanks to her helping me collect work materials, preparation was much easier.
  • Collection^{（あつめる）} → 集めて, paraphrase, means to gather, to call together, to concentrate.
    • Cutting Hands^{（きって）}を集める. Collect stamps.
    • Participants^{（さんかしゃ）}を集める. Gather participants.
  • SETまる→ SETまって, automatic word, gather.
    • Trend^{（おおぜい）}の人が集まっています. Many people gathered together.
    • People in the Park^{（こうえん）}に集まる. People gathered in the park.
  • SETめて＋ くれる→ SETめてくれた, past tense, the action has been completed.
  • おかげで, expresses reasons or thanks, equivalent to“Thanks to…”, “Thanks to the help of…”

『V てもらう

Someone else does something for me.

N1 (giver)はN2 (me/receiver)にV てくれる, used to express that someone else does something for you (or your side), "私に" can also be omitted.

貰う
→ 贳います（ますshaped）
→ Morate (te shape)
→ Morata (た shape)

• もう电车 もバスもないので, AUO に车で送っIt's so cool. Because there were no more trams or buses, I asked a friend to drive me there.
  • "友達に", to a friend (request).
  • Send^{（おくる）} → Send って, send off, see off, spend time.
  • もらう「贳う」→ もらいます, accept help and get help from friends"deliver".
• Add to Mr.'s essay^{（てんさく）}shiIt's so coolI asked the teacher to help me revise my composition.
• My boss^{（じょうし）}ni De Zhang^{（しゅっちょう）}PreparationIt's so coolI asked my boss to help me prepare for the business trip.
  • Going out, on a business trip, on official business.
• There is a discrepancy between the professor's thesis^{（まちがい）}Straight to the pointTemorataI asked the teacher to help me correct the mistakes in my paper.
  • Naosu^{（なおす）} → 正して, modify, correct, correct.

２４Possible Verbs

Possible Verbs

Be able to do something/have the ability to do something

Five-part verbs (う-part verbs)

ウ→ エ＋ る

Return to す（かえす）→ Return to せる（かえせる）

书く（かく）→ 书ける（かける）

Swimmingぐ（およぐ）→ Swimmingげる（およげる）

Wait for it (まつ) → Wait for it (まてる)

読む（よむ）→ 読める（よめる）

游ぶ（あそぶ）→ 游べる（あそべる）

Send る（おくる）→ Send れる（おくれる）

A verb

る → られる

Ci める（やめる）→ Ci められる（やめられる）

夜る（bedる）→ bedられる（ねられる）

Irregular verbs

• サ change verb: する→ できる
• カchanged verb: 来る（くる）→ 来られる（こられる）

する→ できる

reluctantly → reluctantly

来る（くる）→ 来られる（こられる）

Ratcha words

Common on the Internet.One section,Irregular verbsThe ら can be omitted directly.

• Private は心いものが食べ（ら）れません. I can't eat spicy food.
• I will teach you my lessons tomorrow, and I will teach you tomorrow. I have class tomorrow and I can't come.

〜ところだ。

The formal noun 「ところ」 is used to indicate the stage of an action.

VIt's like this.

expressComing SoonAn action, equivalent to "just about to..." or "about to..."

• I bought it during the dayLine upI was just about to buy lunch.
• A: もうみなさんにdataをmatching りましたか. Have you sent the information to everyone??
  B: It's okay, it's goodMatch. No, I was about to send it.
  • 配る→ 配ます, another verb, allocate, distribute.
• ImakaraDekakerutokoroda. I'm about to go out now.
  • 出かける, an intransitive verb.

VIt's the same as mine.

expressOngoingAn action equivalent to "being..."

• Today, Lepot书いているところです. I am writing the report now.
  • 书く→ 书いて→ 书いている, writing.
  • Adding ところ can express a sense of immediacy in time.
• That girl isI'm sleeping. She is still sleeping.
• ちょうど神、テーマを考えているところです.何かいいアイディアはありますか. I'm just thinking about the topic now. Any good ideas??

VIt's like this.

expressJust completedAn action equivalent to "just finished".

• Today, venue^{（かいじょう）}niI'm wearing it. I have just arrived at the venue.
• Contact us today^{（れんらく）}がI'm going to. I just received a contact.
  • 入る→ 入った, enter, arrive, here means"Received the message."
• MelSend it to Koroda. Just sent an email.
  • おくる→ Sendった, another verb, to spend, send, send, and transmit.

V is kari da.

Just now... Just now... not long ago.

Verb ta-form + ばかりだ, emphasizing that the event has just been completed and that a short period of time has passed, with an implication of freshness or “just ended”.

Time is highly subjective and depends on the speaker's feelings.

• Today, official businessI finally got it. I have just finished work.
  • ENDわる→ ENDわった, end, end, death, done.
• Eat TabariIn my heart, in my belly^（Onaka）がいっぱいです. I was very full because I had just finished eating.
  • いっぱい, fill it up, use it all.
• Learn Japanese^{（ならい）}It's the beginning. I just started learning Japanese.
• New careerWear itなので、まだ用れていません. I just started a new job, so I’m not used to it yet.
  • Just く→ ついた, engage in.
  • customary → なれて, accustomed to it, used to it, and the taste is just right.
• I'm going toの合物を开けてみました. Opened the package I just received.
  • Term^{（とどく）} → 届いた, intransitive verb, means to be able to afford, to receive.

N でも＜ Example＞

How about something like...?

Noun + でも, used to offer a suggestion or example for the other party to consider.

• Chito KohiDemoDrink みませんか. Do you want some coffee?
• Tomorrow's Night, Ichiro MoviesDemoMimasuka. Do you want to watch a movie (or something) together tomorrow night?

N で＜Limited (Quantity)＞

The particle "で" comes after a quantifier or a question word regarding a quantifier.

• The car is 2 million yen^{(にひゃくまんえん)}Bleakはbuy えませんよ. You can't buy this car for 2 million yen.

（N に）V てほしい/ V ないでほしい

I hope you... I hope you don't...

V-shaped +: Hope that the other party will do something
V ない形+でほしい: Hope that the other party will not do something
(N に)V てほしい/ V ないでほしい：Indicate the object of hope

• FriendsI want to do it myself. I hope my friends can help me.
• Mr.I want it. I hope the teacher can give me some suggestions.
  • Suru refers to"Do" something and make suggestions.
• やることがいっぱいあるので、Who is it?Hand 伝ってdesire しいんですThere are a lot of things to do, I hope someone can help me.
  • いっぱい, full, full.
• Restrictions on child supportKeep it. (I) hope the children can keep their promise.
  • Shou る→ Shou って, to protect, to observe, to maintain.
• Big event Nakoto, SokekiIt's so niceBecause it is an important event, I hope you won't be late.
• The winner of the gameI want to see youI don't want you to look at my phone casually.

When the speaker wants a certain state or phenomenon to occur, he or she uses "が" to indicate it. The predicate verb is usually an intransitive verb.

• Summer vacationThe end of the story. I hope the summer vacation will never end.
• お金がない! Early feeding dayCome and seeI have no money! I hope the payday will come soon.

～みたいだ＜ Speculation ＞

It seems that... It seems that... It's like...

V Simplified + みたいだ.
A_Ⅰ Simplified Chinese + みたいだ.
A_ⅠⅠ Simplified (～da)+ みたいだ.
N Simplified (～da)+ みたいだ.

It expresses the speaker's subjective speculation about the current situation. He is not sure whether it is true, but judges a possibility from the appearance or condition.

• あの二人は あまり recently talked about さない. Don't miss itMitaidaThose two haven't talked much lately. It seems like they broke up.
  • 语す→语さない, five-part verb う→あ＋ない.
  • bie れる→bie れた, a verb to go る＋た.
• It was hot yesterday. wind evil いたIt's so niceI have had a fever since yesterday. I think I have a cold.
• Come monthIt's so nice. It seems to be next month.

I'm telling you＜ Paraphrasing ＞

He said/she said···.

V (simplified form) + と语っていた
A_Ⅰ(いadjective) + と语っていた
A_Ⅱ（なadjective stem + da）+ I want to say
N(noun + da）+ I want to say

To paraphrase a third person's speech or opinion, it uses the form of "言っていた", which has a retrospective meaning, that is, to paraphrase information that happened in the past.

• Youda's delicious foodI'm talking to you.He said the dish was delicious.
• Konomae, the store managerI'm talking to you. The store manager said before.
• Private たちでいきましょうか.王さんは行かないとI'm talking to youLet's go by ourselves. Xiao Wang said he would not go.

25 Simplified and conjoined forms of written language

N Dehanaku (De)

It’s not..., but...

Noun + ではなく（て）.

It means denying the previous content and adding the correct content after it.ではなくて and じゃなくて are mostly used in spoken language.

• Today is CohiDehanaku, お茶を Drink みたいです. Today I don't want to drink coffee, but I want to drink tea.
• The food in front of the restaurant^{（わしょく）}Jyanakute, South Korea^(Kankoku)Cooking is delicious. The food we ate together before was not Japanese food, but Korean food.
• この前、yamada さんといっしょに来た^（きた）人は、山田さんのlovers^{（こいびと）}De ha na kute,sister^{（It’s Utopia）}The one who came with Yamada before was not his girlfriend, but his sister.
• Bendō is a culture unique to JapanDehanaku, in the world⁽¹⁾Bento is not a culture unique to Japan; it can be found all over the world.

N

Simplified written version of "です" and "だ".

• Tokyo is the capital of JapanDe Aru. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
• The trustworthiness is greatDe Aru. Trust is important.

~からだ. ＜Cause, reason＞

Because...

Sentence + からだ.

The negative form is "~からではない", "It's not because...".

• Friends are comingKaradesu. Because a friend is coming.
• Blame me^（けが）Take a leave of absence^{（きゅうがく）}It's an accident.^（じこ）I was^{（あった）}Karadesu. I dropped out of school because of an injury. It was because of an accident.
  • Blame it on me, をする→ Blame it on me, をして, for getting hurt.
  • Suffered → Suffered った, encountered.
• He^（かれ）I failed the test.^{（おちました）}. The true face is barely thereKarajiyanakute, sickness^{（びょうき）}I'm taking a leave of absence^{（きゅうがくした）}He failed the exam. It was not because he did not study hard, but because he was sick and had to take a leave of absence.
  • 流ちる→ 流ちました, failed to pass, respectfully past tense.
• A: New product^{（しんしょうひん）}、It's all sold^{（うれません）}Ne. This new product is totally unsaleable.
• B: Who knows?^{（しらない）}KaradaI think it’s because people don’t know about it yet.
  • 売れる→ 売れません, cannot be sold, negative.

N

For... For... For... Because of...

N+ is here.

To express an evaluation or position on a thing, situation or person from the perspective of a specific subject (N).

• Modern people^{（げんだいじん）}Nitotte, スマホは生活のPart 1^{（It’s so nice）}For modern people, smartphones are a part of life.
• environment^{（かんきょう）}Nitotte, use of プラスチックの^{（しよう）}It is a problem. The use of plastic is a problem for the environment.
• シンプルなランチボックスculture^{（ぶんか）}I'm going to educate you^{（そだった）}ForeignersNitotte, Japan's Bendang は, いろいろとinterest^{（きょうみ）}Deep^{（ぶかい）}For foreigners who grew up in a simple box lunch culture, Japanese bento has many interesting points.
  • 育つ→ 育った, describes past experiences or a completed growth process.

〜という N

It's called the N. The so-called N.

~という＋ noun (N).

When you need to talk about someone or something that you or the other person don’t know, you can use “という” as a hint.

• Origami^{（おりがみ）}』toiuJapanese traditional^{（でんとうてき）}It's calledThe traditional Japanese game of "Origami".
• 『Eco』toiuTest^{（かんがえかた）}The so-calledThe concept of "environmental protection".
• Japanese には、『キャラ弁』toiuBento moaru. In Japan, there is also aThe bento of "Kurana".
• Katsushika Hokusai^{(かつしかほくさい)}toiuPeople heard^{（きいた）}ことがありますか? Have you ever heard of a man named Katsushika Hokusai?
  • Wenく→ Wenいた, I have heard about it.
  • Wen いたこと, something I have heard before.
• Korehanantoiu花ですか. What is this flower called?

Sentence + という＋ noun (N).

It can also be placed at the end of a sentence to explain the specific content of a noun.

• It's cold and it's goodtoiuVoice^（こえ）もあります. There is also a voice saying that they don’t like cold lunch boxes.
• 日本に行ったことがあるtoiuPeople who are said to have been to Japan.
  • 行く→ 行った, I have been there before.

Question word

No matter...anyway...

Question word + でも.

Applicable to any situation and any object.

• WhenDemoWarm^{（あたたかい）}おBendangが食べたいです. I want to have a hot bento anytime.
• Donna careerDemoThe real face is にやらなければなりません. No matter what work you do, you must do it seriously.
  • True face, do it seriously.
  • ~なければないません, must, have to:
    • Barely しなければなりません.
• earthquake^{（じしん）}はItsudemo,dokodemoGet up^{（おこる）}possibility^{(Kano Usei)}があります. Earthquakes can happen anytime and anywhere.
  • 『起こる』 modifies the noun 『可能』, meaning the possibility of something happening.
• Chinese cuisineNandemoGood きです. I like all Chinese food.

～ようだ. ＜ Speculation ＞

It seems... Probably... It seems...

Verb common form + ようだ.

いAdjective common form + ようだ.

なAdjective stem＋ な＋ ようだ.

Noun + の + ようだ.

It indicates the speaker's speculation or judgment based on certain evidence (sight, hearing, feeling, etc.).

• Chinese people are cool Japanese people are cold and cool when they are coldYodaIt seems that Chinese people don’t like Japanese cold bento very much.
• Moosorosoro timeYoToday's day is the end of the day. It seems like it’s almost time, so that’s it for today.
  • ENDわる→おわります.
• Tanaka-san is recently^{（さいきん）}Busy^{(It's so good)}YoLet's see. Food Club^{（しょくじかい）}I'm tempted^{（さそって）}も来てくれません. Tanaka seems to be very busy recently. Even if I invite him to dinner, he won't come.
  • lured → lured, even if xxx results do not meet expectations, even if invited···.
  • 来る→来て＋くれる, there is no coming (for me).
• Mr. is angry^{（おこっている）}ようでした. The teacher seemed angry.
  • Angry → Angry, angry.

Nのようだ. ＜Metaphor＞

Like...

Noun (N) + のようだ.

Generally used with the adverbs "まるで" and "いかにも", etc., "(almost) like...".

• 日本のおBendangは美しくて^{（うつくしくて）}、Marude Artwork^{（げいじゅつひん）}No yo desu. Japanese bento are very exquisite, like works of art.
  • 美しい→美しくて, connect to the subsequent description.
  • まるで, adverb,"It's just like that."
• Nakamura Yusuke, Lee SussexNo yo desuNakamura is very gentle and is like a sister to Xiao Li.
• Every day of the week^{（ざんぎょう）}Washing^{（せんたくもの）}GamoyamaNo yo desuI've worked overtime every day this week, and the laundry has piled up like a mountain.
  • zanyeです→zanyeだった, the past form of overtime.
  • Mo,"already".

こと＜Formal expression＞

SOV→（Simplified verb + S）はOをV
(BUY ったN) はパソコンです.
(DRINK N) It’s good.
N→こと, fill in a formal aspect here, used for abstract and objective statements, customary rules and behaviors.

In addition to being used as a general noun to mean "things", "こと" can also be used as a "formal word" to connect the conjoined form of a verb or adjective.Nounization, so that it can serve as the subject, object, etc. of the sentence. In addition to "こと", there are also "の" and "もの" in the formal aspect.

• My private dream is to be a doctor^{（It’s ok）}NinaruKotoMy dream is to be a doctor.
  • Naru, to become.
  • Koto uses the formal aspect of the word and nounizes the verb phrase "医者になる" as the content of the dream.
• All Bento^{（ぜんたい）}のバランスを见ながら, 生りFUけや微发けを卡えて作ることは, まさにJapan’s unique culture の一つである. It is one of Japan's unique cultures to consider the presentation and seasoning of bento while keeping the overall balance in mind.

〜すぎる＜Excessive＞

Too... Too much...

Verb continuous form + すぎる: indicates excessive action

• Eat べすぎる. eating too much

The adjective "い"＋すぎる: expresses excessive nature

• It's too high.

na adjective stem + すぎる: expresses excessive nature

• Jing かすぎる. It's so quiet.

Note that when すぎる is added to an adjective, it becomes a verb.

Often used to express bad results, implying that "something has gone too far", with negative comments, and sometimes with exaggerated effects.

• There are many things to do in officialdom, and there are many things to do in the next week. There is too much work and it may not be finished before next week.
  • 多い→多すぎる→多すぎて, means"Too much" has a causal relationship.
  • までに, indicating the duration of an action or state, is equivalent to"Until..."
  • The end of the story → the end of the story.
  • かもしれない means speculation.
• Konobe^{（このあたり）}Hasaka^{（にぎやか）}sugite, reluctantly. The neighborhood is too busy for studying.
  • 賑やか, adjective (na adjective), lively.
• head^{（あたま）}It hurts^{（It’s okay）}Last night^{（ゆうべ）}O sake^{（おさけ）}DrinkSugitaI want to think about it.
  • の, a formal noun, nounizes the previous "头が痛い" and makes it the subject of the sentence.
  • Drink む → Drink み → Drink みすぎる → Drink みすぎた, drink too much.
  • からだ means because, which emphasizes the reason. Here, 『だ』 is a judgment auxiliary verb, which has the function of determination.
    • He's coming and going, and he's busy. The reason he didn't come was because he was busy.

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